Chapter 6-11 Flashcards
Probation/ Parole
-Probation
~Judge
*Follow jail or be in place of jail
-Parole
~Board
*Prison
**NV roughly 11 prisons
-Feds eliminated the parole boards; instead, they started using probation for prisons
~There is still a federal parole board for those before the ending of the parole board
-Idea of probation
~Comes out of Boston, MA
~John Augusta
*To keep people from drinking, he would go to the judge and ask to keep them in their custody to help prevent them from causing more problems
**He wants them to clean up and sober up (Social and spiritual)
-Suspended sentence
~A sentence that is held over one’s head, and they can unsuspend the sentence
*Sentence is one year
**In 6 months, they will reevaluate
If good, then the charges were dropped
**If bad it would circle back to the sentencing process
**It takes different amounts of time to stop the process
**Recovery
***Reuse can happen
-Release on Reconizition
~To watch oneself
*John Augusta payout is saving one’s soul
-Surety
~Watching someone for a payout
-1878 the first hire of probation officers
~Augusta can pick his team to help with the parole board
As the process becomes professionalized, the net widens (instead of cherry-picking)
**It will drop as more regular folks enter
~Sucess rate
If you are a wobbler, they don’t pick you, which leads to Mandatory parole
**Crofton
**Parole
****Add the person to testing said they were willing to go, even if the test is unreliable
**Machonachie
**Lead to Crofton
-Punishment has to be
~Swift, certain, severe, but not too severe
-Parole Conditions = PSI review
-Eventually, we start to abuse the system by releasing people to save the prison money and to reduce the overcrowding within the system
Project Hope
-Hawaii
~Had a problem with certainty and swiftness
Went from no severity to extreme severity, where is the middle of the severity
**Put them in jail for the weekend to help with certainty and swiftness
**It worked there for a little while for a short restriction
**The people got used to it; they started to abuse the system when they didn’t want to attend an event
Boot Camp
-Designed to be a harsh intervention, but they needed to have a reward
~If you don’t have the follow-up, it can get worse
If there’s no follow-up, they go back to where they were before arriving
**It didn’t work; it could make it worse than before
**Overriding the concern
**We can’t look soft on crime (we believe it’s not a good thing)
Persons in crisis
Pathway in Crisis Services Projects
-Topics
~Crisis Response System
~Suicide Prevention
~Sucide and Substance Abuse
~Trauma
~Cultural Considerations
~Compassion Fatigue
~Self Care
-Youth and Adolescent Mental Health
~This worsening crisis in child/adolescent mental health is inextricably tied to the DTRESS BROUGHT ON BY COVID-19~ and the ONGOING STRUGGLES FOR RACIAL JUSTICE and represents an acceleration of trends observed prior in 2020
-The Top Three Causes of Death by Age Group (National State of Emergency)
~0-1 years
*Conditions that were present at birth
*Due to premature birth (short gestation)
*Accidents (Unintentional injuries)
~1-4 Years
*Accidents (unintentional injuries)
*Conditions that were present at birth
*Homicide (parent, step-parent, boyfriend)
~5-9 years
*Accidents (intentional injuries)
*Cancer
8Conditions that were present at birth
~10-14 years
*Accidents (unintentional injuries)
*Suicide (
*Cancer
-Rates of childhood mental health concerns and suicide rose steadily between 2010-2020
~By 2018, SUICIDE was the SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH FOR YOUTH AGES 10-24
-Mental Health Spectrum
~Menal Health is non-binary
~Suicide is the end stage of mental health disease
*Healthy
*Coping
*Struggling
*Unwell
-How to help in an emotional crisis
~If you suspect a friend or family member is experiencing an emotional crisis, your help can make a difference
~Spotting the Signs
*Neglect of Personal Hygiene
*Dramatic change in sleep habits, sleeping more often or not well
*weight gain or loss
*Decline in performance at work or school
*Pronounced changes in mood, such as irritability, anger, anxiety, or sadness
*Withdrawal from routine activities and relationships
-Crisis Services in Alignment
*Person in crisis
*Crisis line
**911
**80% resolved
*Mobile Crisis term
**Police
**70% resolved
*Crisis Facilities
**Police
**65%
*Post-crisis Wraparound
**85% remain stable
*Decrease Use
-Suicide Prevention Starts With You
~Friends and family exhibiting unusual behaviors may be showing signs of a struggle with their mental health
~Help prevent suicide by recognizing warning signs
-CDC
~Suicide
*12th leading cause
~In 2020
*45,979 Died by suicide
~In 2020 estimated
*1.2 Million attempts
**Mental health challenges and conditions represent our nation’s largest source of disability
-What are “risk” factors… What are considered the “drivers” of suicide?
-Some Stats:
~Suicide is a GLOBAL PANDEMIC
~Number 1 killer of Teenage girls across the globe
*More than natural disasters, war, and homicide combined
~In the US, the suicide death toll is HIGHER THAN CAR CRASHES
~Cloumbis Suicide Rating Scale
*ASKING THE QUESTIONS SAVES LIVES, prevents violence and criminality
~Emergency room data suggest MORE THAN 40% CROSS-UTILIZATION between drug overdose-related emergencies and mental health-related emergencies such as depression and suicide
~Removing the stigma helps to stop people from SUFFERING IN SILENCE and SELF-MEDICATING with drugs and alcohol
-Risk factors
~Mental illness
~Preveious suicide attempt
~Serious physical illness, chronic pain
~Specific symptoms
~Family history of mental illness and suicide
~History of childhood trauma
~Shame/despair
~Aggression/impulsivity
~Triggering event
~Access to lethal means
~Suicide exposure
~Inflexible thinking
~Genes
**Stress and mood
-Protective factor
~Social support
~Connectedness
~Strong therapeutic alliance
~Access to mental health care
~Possitive attitude to mental health treatment
~Coping skills
~ Problem-solving skills
~Cultural/religious beliefs
~Biological/psychological resilience
-What was missing?
~SUBSTANCE USE and Suicide
*Death by Suicide. In 2020, 18 states had higher suicide death rates compared with 19, including seven states with satistics significant increase
*Alcohol-induced deaths
*Drug-induced deaths
*Deaths from Alcohol, drugs, and
~Over 50% of suicides are associated with dependence on drugs/alcohol
~At least 25% of people with alcohol/drug active addiction die by suicide
~More than 70% of adolescent suicides are associated with drug/alcohol use
~Individuals treated for substance
~
-Opiates and Suicide (3 possible ways)
~Higher doses of opioids offer increased access to lethal means
~Opiates have disinhibiting effects, increasing the likelihood of acting on suicidal impulses
~People who take higher-risk doses share other characteristics that explain the link with suicide
-Trauma
~Single event
~Reoccurring-strain trauma
~Complex trauma
~Historical-Intergenetational trauma
-Traumatic Experiences
~Poverty
~Childhood neglect
~Physical, sexual, and emotional abuse
~Racism, discrimination, and oppression
~Living with a family member with mental health or substance use disorder
~Sudden, unexplained separation from a loved one
~Violence in the community, war, or terrorism
-Common Responses to Trauma
~Physical
*Nausea and/or gastrointestinal distress
*Sweating or shivering
*Faintness
*Muscle tremors or uncontrollable shaking
*Elevated heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure
~Emotional
*Numbness and detachment
*Anxiety or severe fear
*Guilt (includes survivor guilt)
*Exhilaration as a result of serving
*Anger
~Cognitive
*Difficulty concentrating
*Rumination or racing thoughts
*Distortion of time and space
*Memory loss
~Behavioral
*Startled reaction
*Restlessness
*Difficult expressing oneself
*Argumentative behavior
*Withdrawl apathy
*Avoidant behavior
*Sleep and appetite disturbances
*Increase the use of alcohol, drugs, and tobacco
~Existental
*Intense use of prayer
*Restoration of firth in the goodness of others
*Loss of self-efficiency
*Despair about humanity, particularly if the event was intentional
*Immediate disruption
-Exposure to Traumatic experiences
~2 time to smoke
~2.5 times to have STD
~4 times to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
~7 times to become an alcoholic
~10 times to inject street drugs
~12 times to attempt suicide
*Extremely debilitating for children
*Long-term effects that have huge implications as an adult
-ACES (Adverse Childhood Experiences)
~Impact on Brain, Body, and Behavior
*Film
~Steps of ACEs
*Early Death
*
-Vicarious Traumatization
~REFERS TO a transformation in cognitive schemas and belief systems RESULTING FROM empathic engagement with clients’ traumatic experiences
*
*
-The Best Explanation of Addiction I’ve Ever Heard (Dr. Gabor Mate)
-CULTURE IS THE LEARNED AND SHARED KNOWLEDGE THAT SPECIFIC GROUPS USE TO GENERATE THEIR BEHAVIOR AND INTERPRET THEIR EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD
~It comprises beliefs about reality, how people should interact with each other, what they “know” about the world, and how they should respond to the social and material
*Cultures generally contain SUBCULTURES
*Their subcultures revolve around such things as gender, age, class, race, religion, occupation, or sexual orientation and identity
*They tend to have their own norms, beliefs, and language that differ from the larger culture
~These cultural meanings can influence how the patient
*Seeks or avoids treatment
*Preceives and expresses symptoms
*Copes with stress and capacity to manage crisis
*Adheres to treatment plans
*Attaches stigma to mental illness crisis
-Cultural Awareness
~FIRM GRASP OF WHAT CULTURE IS AND WHAT IT IS NOT
~INSIGHT INTO INTRACULTURAL VARIATION
~UNDERSTANDING HOW PEOPLE ACQUIRE THEIR CULTURES AND CULTURE’S IMPORTANT ROLE IN PERSONAL IDENTITIES, LIFE WAY, AND MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH OF INDIVIDUALS AND COMMUNITIES
~CONSCIOUS OF ONE’S OWN CULTURALLY SHAPED VALUES, BELIEFS, PERCEPTIONS, AND BIASES
~OBSERVING ONE’S REACTIONS TO PEOPLE WHOSE CULTURES DIFFER FROM ONE’S OWN AND REFLECTING UPON THESE RESPONSES
~SEEKING AND PARTICIPATING IN MEANINGFUL INTERACTIONS WITH PEOPLE OF DIFFERING CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS
-
-Cultural Sensitivity
-Cultural Competence
-Cultural Humility
-Compassion Fatigue
~Is the emotional and physical fatigue experienced by professionals due to their chronic use of empathy in helping others in distress
~Figley and colleagues introduced compassion fatigue as a more “user-friendly” term to describe the phenomena of secondary traumatic stress
~There are some distinctions between these terms, but all three terms refer to the negative impact of clinical work on traumatized clients
-Empathy Based Stress
~Burnout + Secondary Trauma = Compassion Fatigue
-It is ESSENTIAL that students, as part of their training, learn how TO PREVENT and manage WORKPLACE STRESS and COMPASSION FATIGUE
~”Students unprepared to address
-When talking about self-care as an ethical issue, let’s review these important terms
~Compassion Fatigue and Compassion Satisfaction
*Compassion Fatigue
**Is the emotional and physical fatigue experienced by professionals due to their chronic use of empathy in helping others in distress
*Compassion Satisfaction
**Refers to those aspects of work that are rewarding and fulfilling to the human service professional
*
-Self Care-Powerful Study Motivation (2020)
-Ethics, Compassion Fatigue, and Self Care
~Equal regard
*A ‘notion that agepe (disinterested universal love) requires people to love others neither more nor less than they love themselves. If the nurse operates from the ethical principle of self-sacrifice, self-care is much less likely
*
-Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
~24 Compassion Fatigue Symptoms
*Diminished ability or interest to care for others
*Preoccupation with people you help
*Mental and/or physical exhaustion
*Anger and/or depression
*Intrusive thoughts
*Sleep problems
*Being easily startled
*Hopelessness about helping work
*Flashback
*Hypervigilance
*Avoidance of certain
*
-Compassion Fatigue Terms
~Co-victimization
~
-3 Ways to Reduce Compassion Fatigue
Prisons
-The government does not like to spend money on prisons
~Funding
*Prisons are not run as well as they should be
-Crowding
~They don’t want to let people out of prison
-Ripple effect from the War on Drugs
~Now, people would get probation for some of the drugs
*Reconsideration
**Reconsider the crime that is today and reexamining the crimes from back in the day to the laws now
*Recriminlization
*Nevada had one of the highest prison rates, 444/100,000 per person; now, other states have increased their rates people per 100,000
**The crime rate is still good compared to history; they are mostly stable, looking at the average of going up and down
-Prisons use PSI for classification within the prison
In an area where they can watch you
**New Fish (classify (fish tank))
**Where you can live before they place you in a cell
**What are you doing for a couple of weeks
-Classifications
~Crime you committed
*Violent crime = more conscious
*Gangs don’t get mixed with other gangs
*Based on your history
~Criminal history
*Based on the severity of the offense and the history of the crime
~Escape risks
*Have they escaped from other facilities
*People who are never going to get out
*People who had money on the outside
~Behavoral Issues
*Nutting up
**Went nuts
**Argessive male actions
~Health and programming needs
*Uprise due to aging prison population
**Don’t have that in every prison
-Other potential factors for classification
~Age
Naturalistic experiment
**Prison looked like bowtie boxes; old prisoners did not want to move over to the new section of the prison instead
**The old section was a mix of old and young; the new prison was just young
** There was a high level of violence in the new young yard; they realized that the old heads helped socialize the new inmates into the proper behaviors and order
-Sent to a prison
~Classification security levels
*Minimum
*Medium
*Max
~Where is there space for availability
~The inmates’ needs
~The possibility that the inmate will transfer after a certain time of serving their sentence
~Reclassify the inmates and move them around to different prisons
-Prison types
~Minimum
~Medium
~Max
*It does not mean much since the facilities have different grounds within one prison type
~Supermax
*The whole facility is not supermax in certain areas
*ADX
**All supermax
People have to earn their way to super-max facilities
(typically federal), now, states have developed super-max facilities
**We like to think that a prison is a deterrent
**Placing a jail or prison in an area suppresses the crime rates
**Nimby = Not in my backyard
-The local population in rural areas is not suitable for working in a prison
~The prison does not get suitable workers
~Saves money in the short term but becomes expensive in the long run
-Why are prisons so expensive
~The correctional officers get paid well for living in rural areas
~The materials that are used to build the prison are getting more expensive with the technological advances
-Does it work (success rates)
~If it is done properly, it works (even in a small percentage)
What is success, and what is failure?
**Does it have to be the same kind of offense (recidivism)
**We can’t agree on the process of success and failure within the prison sentence
-Prison operational cost
~The prison cost to run in a year is roughly 10% of the overall cost
-Death penalty cost to build
~ADA compliant
~We lost interest in using the chambers
*Drugs they use for execution are no longer wanting to be sold by drug companies
**Some states think about using Fentanyl from drug busts
Goffman
-Research
~Total institutions
*Military
*Medical (hospital)
*Prisons
-Mental institutions
~You don’t get to choose anything
-Total institution
~Mortification
*“Death”
A slight bit of death
**A way of breaking you down your dignity
**Prisons ways now of showing that they can control you by doing these actions
-Importation vs. deprivation
~Deprivation
*Violence in prison makes them into a violent person on the inside
~Importation
*
*Gang members were violent on the inside and outside
-Donald Clemmer
~First person to do research about prisons
-Sykes and Messinger
~Roles and codes in prisons that inmates take on
*Inmate codes = convent codes
Original Gangs (Generalization)
-Different East-to-West Cost
~East
*Lower in numbers
*Less troubles
*Start with West and move East and South
~Groups can only be full blooded in that group
-EME (Mexican Moffia) 1950s
~It was a necessity for this gang to form
~Street culture in California
Date to DVI (Duell Vocational Institutions)
**Send younger offenders to the DVI (LA/San Bernardino)
**Tats on hands typically on the right side (black hand tat)
*All city kids
**Used to be called (Blood-In Blood-Out)
~North and South
-AB (Aryan Brother Hood) 1964 (officially recognized)
~Claim 20,000 nationwide
*Can leave, but they don’t like it
**In the old days, they had to be a lifer
~White gang in response to the presence of the Latino gang
~Used to be known as the (Blue Birds)
~Scandinavian and Germanic symbolic (triple 6, four leaf clovers, double lightning bolts, Viking with helmets (with and without horns)
*Horns = making them bleed
~Working relationship with the Mexican mafia
*They don’t like the Black Gorilla Family
-Black Gorilla Family (BGF) 1966
~Crips and blood (east and west)
~Becomes politicized in acts
*Black Panthers
~Their tats (BGF, Dragon attacking a prison guard tower)
-LNF (Nuestra Familia) 1968
~Rural kids
~Form from self-protection
~Tats (sombrero with knife/machete = field workers,, )
~Form a small linkage with BGF
-TS (Texas Syndicate)
Prison Riots
-Causes for riots
~Food
~Crowding
~Safety
~Rehibilitation
*Vocational training
~Treated properly
*Yard time
*Prison phone calls
*Visitation
~Hygenine
-Riots occur due to extreme requests beyond the normal causes of riots
-Black Panthers (out of prison) -> BGF (in the prison)
~Newton, Jackson -> Jackson (Soledad)
“Soledad Brother”
Kill a guard and go to Sanquinten
*He gets put into O wing (the Hole)
**Attorney goes in with the tape recorder
***Tape recorder held a pistol
**Kills the guard with the pistol
**Makes a run for the gate, the guard makes a verbal shout, makes a warning shoot, and the bullet goes up the spinal canal and explodes; the head of Jackson tried to escape
-Attica started a riot due to Jackson’s death (New York)
~Guards were jerks and taunting the inmates in the other quadrant
Inmates started shaking the fence in one quadrant in Times Square, and the fence broke, so now the inmates and guards were on the same since
**Guards die from gunshots
**Miscommunication: military, highway patrol state troopers, national guard, etc., did not communicate with each other causing complications
-Santa Fe
~ T-shapes prison style with multiple wings had Sally ports
Sally Port helps control crowds
They open one Sally Port, then the next Sally Port, to open the cell of an inmate
*Both Sally Ports are open when the cell is open
**When one unit is entered, they only have keys to one Sally Port
*** 60-minute “glass” was not a 60-minute glass, but it was more like a minute glass
** The control room has a key to lock the control panel and escape through the side door
***They wanted to kill the snitched compared to the rest of the prison inmates
*****Prisoners die from gunshots
Women in Prison
-Skin disorders
~Development for riots
-They will fight back, but not as fast as men who will fight back immediately
-Females took a small section of the male’s prison
~Males had the entire prison and a small section on the same grounds
Female prisons developed on a second plot separate from the male’s prisons
**Problem and advantages
**Help both sexes behave a little better
***They could sneak off and have sexual relations
-New Gate
~First prisons to have female areas
*Separate wing for females
**Band together since the guards would be sexual and violently abusive
-Bellevue from New gate
~Largely a psychiatric hospital
*Housed males and females
-Mt. Pleasant
~For females
*Built behind Sing Sing Prison
**Aluburn-style Prison
-Structure of life in male prisons
~Group together
*Gangs
**Difficult to deal with due to violence
**Competitive
-Structure of life in female prisons
~Group together
Families
85% emotionally, sexually, or violently abused within the prison system
Shared backgrounds
**Mom and Dad
***Big sisters
***Little sisters
**Develop associations with other families
**Corroportive
*Tricks
**Provide sexual behaviors for families to gain profits
*Common in the 1990s
**Now, the families still exist, but it takes longer for them to join the families (takes longer)
-They stay at low incarceration levels and sentences
~Male medium
~Females low
*Males are believed to be neutral in nature
Females are believed to be good in nature
**IF a female is bad due to men, the man goes to prison, and she will become a good
**Prisons don’t have to be as harsh as male prisons
-Parchman (Mississippi)
~Male maximum facilities
~70% CO are females
Most are line officers
**Glass sealing for CO females to become higher-ups
**Higher up are male
~IF he fights
*Other male inmates criticize him for beating up a female
*If she beats him, then he gets criticized for getting beat up by a female
~First place to develop congregational visits (family visits)
*Red Houses
-Children add complexity
~Seeing their children is a strong motivator to keep women from getting into trouble
-Mental Illness
~Counseling helps
~Families within the prison help
~Women need things to help get their children back
*Housing
*Make enough money
~Vocational training
*Housekeeping
~Making money
*Carpenter
*Plumber
*Electrician
*HVAC
-PREA
~Prision Rate Elimination Act
*Inmates to inmates (male sexual relations)
*CO to inmates
**Male staff sexually abusing them to a female inmate against their will
~What happens
*Officers are held accountable
*Prison designed to be more open with fewer spaces to sexual interactions to occur
Juveniles
-Patria (father) Potestas (power)
~Father has all the power
*Father was able to kill the children as long as the family thrived
**The church became dominant in society and had a say that killing children was wrong
-Patrian (father) Pietas (humble)
~Father’s behavior should be humble and loving)
*Think of God caring for his children
**The value of the child goes up from the church
-Parens (parent) Patriae (state)
~State as the parent
*States have the right to take the children away if deemed fit
-Ex Parte (one party case) Crouse
~Asking the court to look at the higher court system rulings
MaryAnn got along with the father better than the mother
Mom takes MaryAnn to juvenile for not listening to her
*Incorrigible
**She committed a status offense (based only on a person’s age)
**The state is right to keep MaryAnn because of the status offense she committed
-O’Connell v. Turner
~1920s ish
~Famine in Ireland
~Did not have a house or food
~Dainel was standing on a street corner
~Chicago Reform School for Boys
*Help him develop a trade
~He didn’t do anything wrong, but being poor
Pauperism = poverty
**Weakens parens patriae
**Got Daniel back
-Wellesley Decision
~The state threatened to take his son
The court attempts to take the young
**Used Parens Patriae for money
**Attempts to control children of wealthy parents
-Status offense
~Only against the law because of the age of that person
-Delinquency
~Regardless of their age
*A crime for those of age
-Labeling
~We don’t want the label to be damaging to the persona of the child later in life
-Adult words v. Deliquences words
~Arrest is detainment
~Trial is hearing
~Punish by the justice system is treatment
~Jail/Prison is detention
-THINGS THAT ARE GOOD FOR YOU. THE COURT DOES NOT NEED TO PROTECT YOU FROM THE GOOD.
-Based on need, not crime
~To put the kid in detention from a bad homelife
-Eventually, the juveniles get the Due Process that Adults have, but in segments over time
~Ingenviance
-Kent v US 1961
~He’s on probation
Charged with rape and robbery
**Trial is in DC, but does not rule, but waved jurisdictions
**Trial is going to be moved to the adult court
**Sentenced to 30-90 years in prison
~Full investigation indicates checking boxes to be moved to adult court
-Gault v 1964
~Probation in AZ
*Crank phonecall
**Makes obscene questions
“Do you have big bommers? Are your cherries ripped today?”
****Gets arrested for the comments after she identified his voice
**Sentenced to a training camp up to 21-25 yrs.
****He doesn’t get to have any rights that the adults get for trials
~The Supreme Court rules that he gets the majority of the adult rights
