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Plant Pathology > Chapter 6-11 > Flashcards

Chapter 6-11 Flashcards

1
Q

Conidia

A

are asexual spores produced on specialized hyphae known as a conidiophore

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2
Q

Sporodochium

A

a superficial, cushion-shaped asexual fruiting body consisting of a cluster of conidiophores

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3
Q

Synnema

A

compact or fused, generally upright conidiophores, with branches and spores forming a headlike structure

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4
Q

Acervulus

A

an erumpent, cushionlike fruiting body bearing conidiophores, conidia, and sometimes setae

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5
Q

Pycnidium

A

an asexual, globose or flask-shaped fruiting body containing conidia

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6
Q

Ascomycota Asexual Reproductive Structures

A

A. Sporodochium B. Synnema C. Acervulus D. Pycnidium

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7
Q

Ascomycota Sexual Reproductive Structures

A

Ascospores, Apothecium, Chasmothecium/Cleistothecium ,Perithecium, Pseudothecium

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8
Q

Ascospores

A

(4 to 8) within an ascus (sac fungi)

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9
Q

Apothecium

A

an open, cuplike or saucerlike, ascus-bearing fungal fruiting body (ascocarp), often supported on a stalk

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10
Q

Chasmothecium/Cleistothecium

A

a spherical ascocarp that is closed at maturity

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11
Q

Perithecium

A

a flask-shaped or subglobose, thin-walled fungus fruiting body (ascocarp) containing unitunicate asci and ascospores

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12
Q

Pseudothecium

A

a perithecium-like fruiting body containing bitunicate asci in unwalled locales or cavities

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13
Q

Peach leaf curl – Taphrina deformans

A

Symptoms – thickened curled red or yellow colored leaves in the spring, may blight shoots and cause lesions on fruit if severe

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14
Q

Peach leaf curl management

A
  • Available resistant varieties include Frost, Indian Free, Muir, and Q-1-8
  • One fungicide application between leaf fall and bud swell
  • Conventional–Ziram–Chlorothalonil–Fixed copper •Organic–Bordeaux mixture–Some copper compounds
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15
Q

Apple scab – Venturia inequalis

A

Symptoms: Lesion mostly on leaves and fruit first appears as a lighter shade of green and is circular, lesions increase in size it becomes olive-colored and velvety due to production of asexual spores

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16
Q

Apple scab management

A
  • Cultural –fall foliar application of urea–chopping fallen leaves does not improve control in Cal–remove neighboring crab apples
  • Host resistance – available but not popular varieties
  • Chemical protection – fungicide applications to prevent primary infections
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17
Q

Powdery mildew of lettuce – Erysiphe cichoracearum

A

Signs: White powdery growth on upper and lower leaves, and small brown/black spots (chasmothecia)

–Symptoms: In advanced stages leaves dry out and become brown

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18
Q

Powdery mildew of lettuce Management

A

•Begin fungicide treatments as soon as symptoms are observed –Sulfer –Azoxystrobin

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19
Q

Strawberry anthracnose – Colletotrichum acutatum

A

Symptoms: White to light brown water soaked spots on fruit – sunken, lesions on leaves and stems, crown tissue may decay and may have a mass of salmon colored spores, stunting and chlorosis may occur

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20
Q

Strawberry anthracnose management

A
  • Soil fumigation and solarization
  • Fungicide dips prior to planting
  • Rotate to non-host crop – broccoli or mustards•Disease free plantings
  • Proper irrigation – minimize overhead irrigation
  • Remove infected plant parts
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21
Q

Brown rot – Monilinia fructicolaand M. laxa

A

–Symptoms – blossom blight and ripe fruit phases, mummies–

Signs – gray brown spore masses on blighted tissue, apothecia on mummies in spring

22
Q

Brown rot management

A
  • Cultural – reduce inoculum by removing mummies, pruning out twig cankers
  • Host resistance – varies from susceptible to very susceptible
  • Chemical protection – fungicide applications during bloom and again during ripening if conditions conducive
23
Q

Watery soft rot/ cottony rot – Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor

A

–Symptoms – Soft rot, stem rot, damping-off, flower blight–
Signs – fluffy white mycelium and black irregular sclerotia on plant, soil line or stems and petioles, apothecia develop following cool and wet weather

24
Q

Watery soft rot/ cottony rot management

A
  • Exclusion - avoid introducing to new fields•Eradication - 2-3 year crop rotation in coastal areas (S. sclerotiorum ascospores airborne)
  • Cultural Practices – Avoid overly wet fields, keep surface of beds dry, canopy management, tillage, remove weed hosts
  • Biological – Several fungal species are parasitic •Chemical protection – vinclozolin (Ronilan), iprodione (Rovral) or dichloran (Botran)
25
Q

Gray mold – Botrytis cinerea

A

–Symptoms = Light brown lesions, rot, mummification

–Signs = grey mold, black irregular sclerotia

26
Q

Gray mold management

A
  • Remove and destroy infested material
  • Pick all ripe fruits
  • Manage water
  • Chemical – developed a forecasting model based on temperature and wetness data
27
Q

Early blight of tomato and potato - Alternaria solani

A

–Symptoms: Leaf spots are leathery and often have a concentric ring pattern, spots on fruit are sunken, dry, and may also have a concentric pattern

28
Q

Early blight of tomato and potato Management

A
  • Disease-free seed or fungicide treated seed•Crop rotation
  • Resistant varieties
  • Adequate fertility to maintain vigorous crop
  • Fungicide applications if weather conditions conducive to disease development
29
Q

Vertcillium wilt - Verticillium dahliae

A

–Symptoms: Wilt and chlorosis, vascular discoloration in roots and stems

–Signs: microsclerotia

30
Q

Fusarium wilt – Fusarium oxysporum

A

–Symptoms: Wilt and chlorosis, vascular discoloration in roots and stems

31
Q

Wilt managements

A
  • Long crop rotation of 4-6 years
  • Remove infested debris
  • Solarization
  • Proper irrigation and fertilization
  • Resistance
32
Q

Dutch Elm disease

A

–One of the most destructive shade tree diseases in North America and environmental disasters in Europe

–Many of the elm trees in North America and Europe were planted in rows along streets and walkways

–Large, overarching branches created beautiful shady canopies

33
Q

Chestnut blight

A

–Environmental disaster to Eastern US forests

–Introduced in early 1900s, by 1940 most mature American chestnuts were wiped out, still a significant problem

34
Q

Ergot of Rye

A

–Causes ergotism
–Strange mental aberrations, hallucinations, a feeling of burning skin or insects crawling under the skin. Women frequently miscarried, and fertility was generally reduced during outbreaks
–These strange behaviors have been linked to ergotism during the French Revolution and witchcraft in Europe and the U.S.
–Ergot contains alkaloid mycotoxins•Vasoconstrictors and LSD

35
Q

Botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight of pistachios

A

–Discovered in Durham in the northern Sacramento Valley in 1984

–Yield losses from 40 to 100% were not uncommon

36
Q

Basidiospore

A

Sexual spores of the basidiomycota

37
Q

Basidium

A

Specialized cell in which karyogamy and meiosis occur that produces haploid basidiospores

38
Q

Teliospore

A

thick walled spores that form basidia

39
Q

Autoecious

A

rust can complete its entire life cycle on a single host species

40
Q

Heteroecious

A

rust requires two distinct host species in order to complete its life cycle

41
Q

Macrocyclic rust

A

produce other types of spores in addition to teliospores and basidiospores

42
Q

Microcyclic rust

A

produce only teliospores and basidiospores

43
Q

Rhizomorph

A

Mycelia produced in parallel arrangements to form thick branching strands, means of extending from depleted substrate to new food source

44
Q

Wheat stem rust =Puccinia graminis

A

–Wheat is infected by aeciospores urediniospores, teliospores, basidiospores produced on wheat

–Barberry is infected by basidiospores, spermatia, aeciospores produced on barberry

45
Q

Apple cedar rust =Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae•

A

–Apple is infected by basidiospores, spermatia, aeciospores produced on apple
–Cedar is infected by aeciospores teliospores, basidiospores produced on cedar

46
Q

Corn smut = Ustilago maydis

A

basidiospores, teliospores

47
Q

Covered smut of wheat = Tilletia caries

A

basidiospores, teliospores

48
Q

Loose smut of wheat = Ustilago tritici

A

basidiospores, teliospores

49
Q

Armillaria root rot = Armillaria mellea and other species

A

–Wide host range of mostly woody perennials

–Basidiospores

50
Q

Rhizoctonia Diseases = Rhizoctonia solani (other species)

A

–Very wide host range

–No spores known or rare, 90 degree angle of branching hyphae

51
Q

Southern blight = Sclerotium rolfsii

A

–Generally annual herbaceous crops and ornamentals

–No spores known or rare, round sclerotia

Plant Pathology (2 decks)

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