Chapter 6 Flashcards
What is child maltreatment divided into?
Abuse = active role of perpetrator
–> physical, sexual, and pysychological/emotional
Neglect = passive form regarding intentional deprivation of providign fo rthe basic needs of the child
–> physical, psychological, environmental, emotional, cognitiv, supervisory, and medical)
What are the risk factors for child maltreatment divided into?
parental factors (marital status, education level, high parental stress, anger or hyperactivity, low self-esteem)
parent-child factors (quality of relationship)
child factors (age, mental or physical abilities)
family factors (domestic violence, socioeconomic status, marital relationship, housing, immigration status)
What is the curret public status of CPS?
distrust increasing
cases steadily increasing
public outrage about horror cases –> major disruptions in agency + ptsd in CPS workers
12.2 % fatalities receivied CPS services in past 5 years
What are the risk factors for maltreatment?
male children, under age of 5, younger age maternal and non-maternal caregiver, court removal as measure of maltreatment, caregiver IPV involvement, SDM score categories, three or more children in household, biological child not living with either parent
public health insurance as protective factor
what are the four categories of tools applied in case of suspicion or confirmation of child maltreatment?
Early signalling of adverse family settings
Screening for Child Abuse and other Family Problems
Diagnostics
Risk Assessment Instruments
What are the Early signalling tools?
ALPHA-NL
–> pregnant women fill in for intervention before child is born if necessary
SUPTOVMO
–> used in hospitals, injuries of child that are suspicious, filled in by doctor/nurse, CPS may need to be alterted
NOSI
–> assesses whether one can speak about certain sources of stress within family, for children 7-12 or parents of children 2-13 years, NOIK (shortened version), norms insufficient
Kindcheck
–> adult clients, whether diagnosed client has children, which are endangoured due to this, first interview info gathered about details + chooses whether CPS informed, always needs to be documented
What are Screening tools used in NL?
OKIV-R
–> relationship between parents and children 8-18 years, insufficient norms + validity
PVL
–> parenting skills, used when under supverision of CPS, educational neglect focal point, indication of treatment, three versions (0-3, 4-11. 11-17 years of age)
SOG
–> when parents known to CPS, reason for development of problematic behaviour in children evaluated, two versions (4-7, 8-11 years), additional questionnaire for children 8-15 (one for father and one for mother)
VGP
–> first 29 items arelady give good indication of family situation, both parents fill in, score form by psychologist, insufficient norms
SDQ
–> screening for possible problems, strengths+difficulties, parents + teacher + supervised child fill in, criterion validity + norms insufficient
What are the Diagnostic tools used?
CAP-J
–> used by dutch CPS, paper/ digital version, various stages preferably intake, broader version (psychologists), simpler version (education institution)
FRT
–> Children*s version of family relations test, 4-11 years, Mr. Nobody, sort positive + negative statements to pictures, doesnt include special chidren, big families
GVL
–> functioning of family, 4-18 years, quality of childrearing conditions, what family needs + risks and causes, filled in by parents
VGFO
–> family functioning, filled in by parents, 63 statements (apply/, do not apply), various points during treatment, useful when multiple problems + focus is opinion
What Risk and Safety Assessments are used?
Triage
–> suspcion or actual complaint, whether immediate risk of danger, focus on relationship betwen victim + perpetrator, Procedure (describe concerns, safety assessment (0-10), Danger Assessment (what, when, worst-case), Screening Trajectory), if danger –> re-evaluate with colleague
LIRIK
–> two parts (situation of child present, future), states nature, time, probability, seriousness, protective factors
Delta Safety List
–> checklist used by famiy guardians, two parts (risk and safety), starting point as conversation, scores (yes, no, ?, x)
CARE-NL
–> dutch version extended with additional item on sexual abuse, suspicion or actual child maltreatment, 18 risk factors (4 subscales: parental factors, child factors, family factors, sexual abuse)(yes, no, ?, x), six aspects of risk scenarios, categorical risk, various sources, children all ages
CFRA
–> Structured Decision Making System, beginning of family intervention (NL), end (USA), predicts risk for 18-24 months, two parts (neglect and abuse), override possible
What is Structured Decision Making System?
SDM developed to standardize means of safety and risk assessments
actuarial method
eight various tools for various stage
What are the three general approaches for CPS?
Consensus or structured clinical assessment (much more detailed, WRM matrix, above cut off points)
Actuarial methods (cutoff points, big pro: berevity (8-12 items) and efficiency)
Structured decision making (risk assessment instruments, score+clinical evidence, specification of risk cutoffs)
What are the three scenarios about decisions in CPS?
- certainty
- provided probabilities
- alternative probability distributions
Reality: mutually agreed upon and unambigous probability distributions
What are the two general strategies for amelioration?
- reducing uncertainty by modifying circumscribing current system
- current system to provide better diagnostic, treatment, and service tools and support majority of child welfare administrators
How are risks viewed as hazards?
hazard = embodies properties of person, object, or event that poses a threat to personal health and safety
level of risk depends on magnitude of threat, measued by toxicity and dosage, and likelihood of exposure
Exposure assessment = requires decisionmaker to determine how sensitive the victim has been to the stressor
