Chapter 6 Flashcards
Human motivation is driven by…
basic psychological needs. contouring conscious and unconscious life goals.
What motivates the agent?
- Theory of mind: wanting and believing
- seeking pleasure and avoiding pain
- psychological mechanisms to feed: hunger thirst and sex (clark hall, Kenneth space)
Freud’s theory on human motivation
There are unconscious desire that needs to be fed, if uncontrolled the individual has a disorder. Sex- eros, aggression - thanatos
Carl Jung theory on human motivation
people are motivated by individualization
individualization
the needs to develop and actualize oneself. Become authentic and the person we were designed to be
Henry Murray human motivation theory
list of 20 psychological needs: Achievement, Affiliation, Dominance, Nurturance, Order, Play, Avoiding harmful situations
Humanistic psychology
- Human beings strive to fulfil deep and ennobling motives for self-actualization, spiritual completion, personal salvation
- Become who we are by discovering and making manifest our good inner potential
David Buss theory on human motivation (multiplicity in human motivation)
- Fundamental problems human beings have evolved to solve
- evolved to organize and plan
- if there was no belief in out motivation, agency would not exist
- eg. mate selection, child-rearing, mate attraction, procreation,
forming alliances sin social groups, defending ourselves from attack, finding food, obtaining shelter
Intrinsic motivation
do things we like to do and enjoy experiences
- eg. author liked play ice hockey until he was freezing
- high happiness and well-being
extrinsic motivation
- as eusocial species, humans are also motivated by external factors such as social rewards, money, promotion
- too much of it - unsatisfaction
- controlled/amotivated
Self-determination theory created by…
Edward Deci and Richard Ryan
To achieve and stay motivated we must…
organize and plan
- brain power and interpersonal cooperation
self determination theory
Self-determination theory suggests that people are motivated to grow and change by three innate and universal psychological needs.
motivated by 3 factors
- autonomy
- competence
- relatedness
- Autonomy
- independence from external pressures, individualization, satisfaction to intrinsic motivations and deep values
- basic motivator of agency
- motivation to strive
- Limits of autonomy promotes motivated agent to fulfill the
ideal combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: A social environment that promotes autonomy and channels motivation into socially constructed ends
Important dimension of social environment (autonomy)
- autonomy support (teachers/parents - high autonomic parents improve well being in kids)
- structure (goal directed striving; too much of it = extrinsic motivation)
- interpersonal involvement (Social envt’s provide high levels of autonomy
support, moderate, and many highly involved
socializing forces)
- Competence
control outcomes of events and exprience mastery of dealing with external environment
- relatedness
intimacy and caring for others, feeling love and sense of belonging
Doing what one wants without coercion or compulsion leads to…
- high levels of self-esteem and psychological well-being
- growing sense of change in positive direction
when deprived of autonomy, competence, relatedness…
individual struggles to meet basic needs and finds ways to compensate for loss
controlled/amotivated behaviour
- meet demands of external factor or once external now internal factors
- individual feels they are doing it intentionally but the behaviors are unintentional and disorganized
Robert White
effectance
effectance
the drive to be an effective agent in any environment
- some behaviors arent related to drives, they motivated by mastering the environment
Competence (again)
using all sources, master physical and material in a social environment and getting ahead
- individual differences in strength of motives which is downplayed by the theory of self-determination
competence is basically…
achievement motive
Henry Murray
personality theory on individuals needs
- each need orients a person to the future by generating personal goals aimed at satisfying the need
Issue with Henry Murray personality theory…
personal needs may reflect desired but he believed not everyone’s desires are conscious
Solution to the issue of Murrays Personality theory…
Thematic Apperception test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
people tell imaginative stories in response to picture cues, people project desires and concerns into pics
when do consistent differences for nAch appear?
8/9 years
picture story exercise
- Coding system developed to determine the relative strength of achievement themes in imaginative stories
- High density achievement themed, are high on achievement motivation
people high on nACH are…
hardworking, exhibit high performance in tasks, go above max, and have high self-control, especially when receiving immediate feedback concerning success/failure
- business career
Motives are learned (Murray and McClelland)
when children get rewarded for tasks, develop high achievement motivation
Children’s books emphasizing meeting standard of excellence promotes…
…the development of higher achievement motivation
Strong correlation between the salience of achievement themes in society textbooks and…
economic output of that society in a generation or 2 later
Whats the engine for economic growth when children grow up, years later?
Strong emphasis on meeting standard of excellence as conveyed in children’s books promotes development of higher achievement motivation
achievement motivation changes as…
societal values change
power motivation
high social dominance, motivation to lead, influence and feel strong
- associated with negative (aggression) and positive (helping others) behavior
careers in nPow
teacher, CEO, therapist
When in low-status situation…
increase in cortisol (stress hormone) and decrease in testosterone
high susceptibility to illness when…
high nPow feel dominated or overpowered
