Chapter 6

Question 1

describe the concept of the orienting response (novelty preference)

Answer 1

the tendency to pay attention to new or surprising events. good or bad. opportunity or threat

Question 2

what is novelty preference adaptive value (function)

Answer 2

paying attention to see if this new thing or change is a threat or opportunity

Question 3

what’s an example of orientating reflex

Answer 3

when being in a classroom for 10-15 minutes, someone walks in late and everyone turns around

Question 4

what is habituation

Answer 4

the decline in attention to familiar events.

Question 5

what is sensitization

Answer 5

from some stimuli repeated leads to more intense reactions rather than less intense (baby crying, fire alarm)

Question 6

what is classical conditioning

Answer 6

learning to predict events. Some stimuli serve as signals for others.

Question 7

what is an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

an unlearned stimulus that causes an unlearned response

ex: food, a loud bang

Question 8

what is an unconditioned response

Answer 8

an unlearned reaction or response caused by an unconditioned stimulus
ex: salivating when seeing or smelling food

Question 9

what is a conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

is a learned stimulus that causes a conditioned response

ex: learning that hearing a bell means something

Question 10

what is a conditioned response

Answer 10

a learnt automatic response to something learnt overtime

ex: salivating when hearing a bell

Question 11

how do the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus become associated with each other. Give an example

Answer 11

seeing something (us) that makes you happy (ur) but there is a certain scent (cs) that belongs to that thing that makes you happy, overtime when you smell that scent, you will become happy

Question 12

what is stimulus generalization

Answer 12

a conditioned response to a particular stimulus that you relate to another very similar stimulus

Question 13

give an example of a generalization stimulus

Answer 13

a kid got scared by a man with a beard. Now whenever he sees men with beards he fails to discriminate between bearded men generalizes that all men with beards are bad

Question 14

what is stimulus discrimination

Answer 14

the ability to distinguish between one stimulus and another similar stimulus

Question 15

what is an example of stimulus discrimination

Answer 15

the child ends up talking to another man with a beard which isn’t the one who scared him and is now able to discriminate between all men with beards and the one specific man with a beard that scared him

Question 16

what does the extinction of a conditioned response mean

Answer 16

when the CS no longer predicts the US the CR will gradually become extinguished

Question 17

what is instrumental conditioning

Answer 17

learning that if you produce a certain behaviour, you will receive a certain outcome. the outcome depends on your behaviour so you change it

Question 18

give an example of what instrumental conditioning would look like

Answer 18

you coming to work and your boss yells at you every time you go. you then learn not to come to work at all, stay home and/or quit and find a new one

Question 19

explain B.F. Skinner’s “radical Behaviourism”

Answer 19

to make psychology intro the science of behaviourism. People are born as completely blank slates and our experiences and history is what shapes who we are

Question 20

what is positive reinforcement

Answer 20

the addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behaviour

Question 21

example of positive reinforcement

Answer 21

giving a dog a bone after they do something good

Question 22

what is negative reinforcement

Answer 22

the removal of something negative to strengthen behaviour

Question 23

what is an example

of negative reinforcement

Answer 23

when a baby is crying you pick them up and they stop crying after.

you are more likely to pick up the baby next time they are crying because it makes it stop