Chapter 6 Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Chromatography
A
a physical method of separation that uses a solid surface with specific properties to attract molecules based on their chemical properties
2
Q
what are the two phases that Chromatography is distributed between?
A
The stationary phase and the mobile phase (moving in a definite direction)
3
Q
stationary phase contains…..
A
a solid or liquid supported on a solid
4
Q
mobile phase contains…….
A
a liquid or a gas
5
Q
T/F: Each Method of separation uses the same techniques to separate compounds
A
False: Each method uses different techniques to separate compounds, but the principles are still the same
6
Q
solid phase extraction
A
Transfer of an analyte from a liquid onto a solid sorbent
7
Q
Elution
A
removal of the analyte from the solid bed onto which it has been retained
8
Q
What is the goal of interactions in solid phases
A
To retain an analyte on a sorbent strongly enough such that it does not move through the sorbent bed until an elution solvent is introduced
9
Q
how is Elution brought about
A
By introducing a solvent to which the analyte is more strongly attracted to than it is to the sorbent
10
Q
Process
A
any activity that changes or physically changes matter or converts energy; a set of steps that produces a result or creates a product
11
Q
what are some examples of processes
A
Heating, cooling, separation, mixing, growing, filling, and purifying
12
Q
what are the most common processes called?
A
unit operations
13
Q
Cell culture and fermentation
A
Growth media grows living cells
14
Q
centrifugation
A
the separation method that uses G-forces to separate particles of different densities
15
Q
cell disruption
A
breaking the cell open to release the product
16
Q
filtration
A
uses a mechanical device like a strainer to physically separate solid particles from a solution
17
Q
flow
A
usually pumped through a filter under pressure, or is pulled through a filter by a vacuum
18
Q
mixing and blending
A
combines solids in solids, solids in liquids, and multiple liquids with each other
19
Q
evaporation
A
process that converts a liquid into a gas by absorbing heat from the environment
20
Q
sublimation
A
a unit operation that is used for Lyophilization (solids converting into a gas)
21
Q
Condensation
A
process that converts a gas into a liquid by releasing heat into the environment
22
Q
Automotive radiators are an example of…….
A
heat exchanger
23
Q
heat transfer (exchanger)
A
move heat from one fluid to another
24
Q
stripping and distillation
A
use both evaporation and condensation to separate liquids in a mixture
25
distillation
a separation method that takes advantage of how volatile each component is in a solution and separates them based on their boiling points (separates multiple liquids in a complex mixture)
26
Clean in place and Steam in place (CIP and SIP)
clean production equipment by removing chemical and organic residue left over by previous batches
27
separation (recovery)
the process by which biological product is recovered from host cells
28
why is separation necessary in manufacturing?
many products are produced in solutions or mixtures and must be separated from the solvents/mixture components
29
what are the three steps of separation
1. separation of cell solids from the broth
2. Disruption of those host cells to release the product within them
3. Isolation of the product through the removal of cell debris and other impurities
30
purification
the process of eliminating or separating impurities from the sample
31
What are some of the methods of separation
evaporation, condensation, stripping, distillation, precipitation, crystallization, filtration, centrifugation, liquid extraction, chromatography
32
T/F: The type and number of separation methods depend on the chemical properties of the solute and the solvent, as well as the degree of purity needed for the final product
True
33
What are the two ways to accomplish evaporation
lower the air pressure above a liquid or add heat
34
what is condensation equipment used for?
recover a solvent that is in vapor form or recover a product that is in vapor form
35
stripping
a separation method that separates two liquids in a simple mixture from each other
36
precipitation
a process that separates solid solutes from a solution by changing solutes into precipitates
37
precipitate
an insoluble form of a substance
38
T/F: you can dissolve a precipitate back into a solution after separating it
False: Precipitates do not dissolve in the solvent
39
Crystallization
the process of separating a solute from a liquid solution by increasing the concentration of that solute until the it reaches saturation point
40
saturation point
when a solvent is no longer able to absorb any more of the solute
41
filtrate (permeate)
in filtration, it's the liquid that flows through a filter
42
retentate
the material that is trapped by the filter
43
depth filters
diverts liquids through a convoluted path to separate large cell fragments from smaller pieces
44
T/F: Depth filtration is also known as Dead-End Flow
True: it can also be susceptible to clogging
45
membrane filter
uses a filter type that has pores of a precise size that only particles smaller than the pores can pass through them
46
dead end flow
a type of filtration in which the process stream flows straight through the filter while the retentate stays on the filter surface
47
tangential flow (cross flow)
a filtration system in which the process stream flows across the surface of the filter so that it continuously washes the retentate off the filter surface and prevents clogging of the filter
48
what are some everyday examples of centrifugation
salad spinners and washing machine spin dry cycles
49
liquid extraction
the process of adding a different solvent to a solution to pull a particular solute out of the solution
50
T/F: Liquid extraction is efficient and cost effective in the pharmaceutical industry
True
51
T/F: Chromatography is cheaper than Liquid extraction
False: it is expensive
52
What is known as one of the most powerful separation methods in industry?
Chromatology
53
Chromatography uses this solid yet porous material made from plastic polymers, formed into tiny beads
Resin
54
what are the 4 types of chromatography in bioprocessing and chemical operations
ion exchange, size exclusion, affinity, and hydrophobic interaction
55
ion exchange chromatography
based on the electrical charge of the molecules
56
size exclusion chromatography
separates molecules based on size
57
affinity chromatography
based on protein binding; chemical groups attached to the resin bind the protein being purified
58
hydrophobic interaction chromatography
based on the solubility of molecules in water; hydrophobic molecules attract molecules that prefer not to be in water
59
control
to maintain a validated process between upper and lower control limits with the target outcome in mind
60
process control parameters
characteristics that may change or vary during the process that one must regulate in order to control what happens in a process
61
what are variables that can affect the process flow
Temperature, pH, nutrition and correct growth environment, positive pressure, bioburden, time
62
Why monitor the temperature throughout a bioprocess procedure?
temperature regulation is critical to ensuring proper cell growth and protein expression
63
Why monitor the pH levels throughout a bioprocess procedure?
Effective pH control is critical to ensuring that cells remain healthy for protein expression
64
T/F: Cells in bioreactors need glucose as an energy source
True
65
Why monitor the pressure throughout a bioprocess procedure?
pressure is often used as a critical control parameter in filtration, sterility assurance, safety applications, and cell growth
66
Why monitor the time throughout a bioprocess procedure?
Time is a process parameter of many processing steps
67
Give some examples of processes where time is used as a parameter
temperature equilibration and mixing
68
sensor
instruments that collect information about a measured variable
69
set point
target; your process parameters' desired values
70
transmitter
an instrument that sends information from sensor to controller after converting information into an electrical signal
71
controllers
instruments that compare conditions and make decisions and sends a signal to the final control element to take corrective action to keep the process within specification
72
final control element
unit actually reacts to make the corrective action
73
what are the two types of controllers for industrial process
programmable logic controller (PLC) and distributed control system (DCS)
74
programmable logic controller
works by continually scanning the software ladder program many times per second, allowing the program to control the process through physical devices that are the PLC inputs and outputs
75
software ladder program
1. Check inputs
2. execute program
3. update outputs
76
distributed control system
a complex software package that controls many plant functions
77
Human-machine interface
a touch screen or a keyboard and mouse that technicians use to access PLCs and DCSs
78
data integrity
ensures that data cannot be altered, deleted, omitted, or in any way modified to misrepresent what actually occurred
79
manual control
a human performs some or all of the process control tasks (sensing, comparing, and correcting)
80
Automatic control
instruments perform the process control tasks and can regulate process variables more precisely and efficiently, particularly in larger, more complex operations
81
feedback control loop
instruments work together in a loop, continually collecting and comparing data and adjusting the process for disturbances from outside the loop
82
T/F: Feedback is necessary to keep the process within specifications
True
83
alarms
alert technicians to problems
84
what causes alarms to go off
when a process variable reaches a value that indicates serious trouble
85
T/F: Acknowledging an alarm does not correct the alarm condition
true
86
interlocks
shuts down the equipment when critical process variables are out of specification, instead of setting off alarms
87
when are interlocks used?
when the situation grows to critical to wait for a technician to respond to the alarm
88
two position control (on-off control; discrete control)
continually switches between the on and off positions, which causes wear and tear on the final control element
89
T/F: Two position control would be used in the application of heating and air condition units and water heaters
True
90
Dead band
To stabilize control and reduce switching frequency, systems are designed to prevent control action during a specified period of time
91
proportional control
as the measured variable moves away from the set point, the final control element proportionally adjusts the manipulated variable so that the measured variable returns to the set point
92
Which type of control provides a greater level of control action
Proportional control
93
dead time
interval between when a disturbance changes the process (or when a set point is changed) and when the control loop can make a correction
94
lag time
the period between a change in the setpoint and the process being completely adjusted to the desired setpoint
95
T/F: Lag time includes dead time
TRUE
96
normal process variation
natural or expected variations within a process
97
what are the two types of variations in processing
normal variation and special cause variation
98
special cause variation
not normal and is often caused by measured process parameters falling outside of established upper or lower operational limits
99
Process and Instrumentation diagram (P&ID)
shows the order of steps in a process
100
T/F: P&ID is basically a blueprint
false
101
What do P&IDs include?
Equipment used in a unit operation, connections between the equipment, and the systems that control the equipment operation
102
What don't P&IDs show?
equipment scale, location or physical arrangement
103
Process flow diagram
Show the order of the unit operations in the overall process
104
what are the equipment letters that indicate equipment category
```
T: tank
V: valve
P: pump
H: heater
M: monitor
```
