Chapter 6 Flashcards
Chromatography
a physical method of separation that uses a solid surface with specific properties to attract molecules based on their chemical properties
what are the two phases that Chromatography is distributed between?
The stationary phase and the mobile phase (moving in a definite direction)
stationary phase contains…..
a solid or liquid supported on a solid
mobile phase contains…….
a liquid or a gas
T/F: Each Method of separation uses the same techniques to separate compounds
False: Each method uses different techniques to separate compounds, but the principles are still the same
solid phase extraction
Transfer of an analyte from a liquid onto a solid sorbent
Elution
removal of the analyte from the solid bed onto which it has been retained
What is the goal of interactions in solid phases
To retain an analyte on a sorbent strongly enough such that it does not move through the sorbent bed until an elution solvent is introduced
how is Elution brought about
By introducing a solvent to which the analyte is more strongly attracted to than it is to the sorbent
Process
any activity that changes or physically changes matter or converts energy; a set of steps that produces a result or creates a product
what are some examples of processes
Heating, cooling, separation, mixing, growing, filling, and purifying
what are the most common processes called?
unit operations
Cell culture and fermentation
Growth media grows living cells
centrifugation
the separation method that uses G-forces to separate particles of different densities
cell disruption
breaking the cell open to release the product
filtration
uses a mechanical device like a strainer to physically separate solid particles from a solution
flow
usually pumped through a filter under pressure, or is pulled through a filter by a vacuum
mixing and blending
combines solids in solids, solids in liquids, and multiple liquids with each other
evaporation
process that converts a liquid into a gas by absorbing heat from the environment
sublimation
a unit operation that is used for Lyophilization (solids converting into a gas)
Condensation
process that converts a gas into a liquid by releasing heat into the environment
Automotive radiators are an example of…….
heat exchanger
heat transfer (exchanger)
move heat from one fluid to another
stripping and distillation
use both evaporation and condensation to separate liquids in a mixture
distillation
a separation method that takes advantage of how volatile each component is in a solution and separates them based on their boiling points (separates multiple liquids in a complex mixture)
Clean in place and Steam in place (CIP and SIP)
clean production equipment by removing chemical and organic residue left over by previous batches
separation (recovery)
the process by which biological product is recovered from host cells
why is separation necessary in manufacturing?
many products are produced in solutions or mixtures and must be separated from the solvents/mixture components
what are the three steps of separation
- separation of cell solids from the broth
- Disruption of those host cells to release the product within them
- Isolation of the product through the removal of cell debris and other impurities
purification
the process of eliminating or separating impurities from the sample
What are some of the methods of separation
evaporation, condensation, stripping, distillation, precipitation, crystallization, filtration, centrifugation, liquid extraction, chromatography
T/F: The type and number of separation methods depend on the chemical properties of the solute and the solvent, as well as the degree of purity needed for the final product
True
What are the two ways to accomplish evaporation
lower the air pressure above a liquid or add heat
what is condensation equipment used for?
recover a solvent that is in vapor form or recover a product that is in vapor form
stripping
a separation method that separates two liquids in a simple mixture from each other
precipitation
a process that separates solid solutes from a solution by changing solutes into precipitates
precipitate
an insoluble form of a substance
T/F: you can dissolve a precipitate back into a solution after separating it
False: Precipitates do not dissolve in the solvent
Crystallization
the process of separating a solute from a liquid solution by increasing the concentration of that solute until the it reaches saturation point
saturation point
when a solvent is no longer able to absorb any more of the solute
filtrate (permeate)
in filtration, it’s the liquid that flows through a filter
retentate
the material that is trapped by the filter
depth filters
diverts liquids through a convoluted path to separate large cell fragments from smaller pieces
T/F: Depth filtration is also known as Dead-End Flow
True: it can also be susceptible to clogging
membrane filter
uses a filter type that has pores of a precise size that only particles smaller than the pores can pass through them
dead end flow
a type of filtration in which the process stream flows straight through the filter while the retentate stays on the filter surface
tangential flow (cross flow)
a filtration system in which the process stream flows across the surface of the filter so that it continuously washes the retentate off the filter surface and prevents clogging of the filter
what are some everyday examples of centrifugation
salad spinners and washing machine spin dry cycles
liquid extraction
the process of adding a different solvent to a solution to pull a particular solute out of the solution
T/F: Liquid extraction is efficient and cost effective in the pharmaceutical industry
True
T/F: Chromatography is cheaper than Liquid extraction
False: it is expensive
What is known as one of the most powerful separation methods in industry?
Chromatology
Chromatography uses this solid yet porous material made from plastic polymers, formed into tiny beads
Resin
what are the 4 types of chromatography in bioprocessing and chemical operations
ion exchange, size exclusion, affinity, and hydrophobic interaction
ion exchange chromatography
based on the electrical charge of the molecules
size exclusion chromatography
separates molecules based on size
affinity chromatography
based on protein binding; chemical groups attached to the resin bind the protein being purified
hydrophobic interaction chromatography
based on the solubility of molecules in water; hydrophobic molecules attract molecules that prefer not to be in water
control
to maintain a validated process between upper and lower control limits with the target outcome in mind
process control parameters
characteristics that may change or vary during the process that one must regulate in order to control what happens in a process
what are variables that can affect the process flow
Temperature, pH, nutrition and correct growth environment, positive pressure, bioburden, time
Why monitor the temperature throughout a bioprocess procedure?
temperature regulation is critical to ensuring proper cell growth and protein expression
Why monitor the pH levels throughout a bioprocess procedure?
Effective pH control is critical to ensuring that cells remain healthy for protein expression
T/F: Cells in bioreactors need glucose as an energy source
True
Why monitor the pressure throughout a bioprocess procedure?
pressure is often used as a critical control parameter in filtration, sterility assurance, safety applications, and cell growth
Why monitor the time throughout a bioprocess procedure?
Time is a process parameter of many processing steps
Give some examples of processes where time is used as a parameter
temperature equilibration and mixing
sensor
instruments that collect information about a measured variable
set point
target; your process parameters’ desired values
transmitter
an instrument that sends information from sensor to controller after converting information into an electrical signal
controllers
instruments that compare conditions and make decisions and sends a signal to the final control element to take corrective action to keep the process within specification
final control element
unit actually reacts to make the corrective action
what are the two types of controllers for industrial process
programmable logic controller (PLC) and distributed control system (DCS)
programmable logic controller
works by continually scanning the software ladder program many times per second, allowing the program to control the process through physical devices that are the PLC inputs and outputs
software ladder program
- Check inputs
- execute program
- update outputs
distributed control system
a complex software package that controls many plant functions
Human-machine interface
a touch screen or a keyboard and mouse that technicians use to access PLCs and DCSs
data integrity
ensures that data cannot be altered, deleted, omitted, or in any way modified to misrepresent what actually occurred
manual control
a human performs some or all of the process control tasks (sensing, comparing, and correcting)
Automatic control
instruments perform the process control tasks and can regulate process variables more precisely and efficiently, particularly in larger, more complex operations
feedback control loop
instruments work together in a loop, continually collecting and comparing data and adjusting the process for disturbances from outside the loop
T/F: Feedback is necessary to keep the process within specifications
True
alarms
alert technicians to problems
what causes alarms to go off
when a process variable reaches a value that indicates serious trouble
T/F: Acknowledging an alarm does not correct the alarm condition
true
interlocks
shuts down the equipment when critical process variables are out of specification, instead of setting off alarms
when are interlocks used?
when the situation grows to critical to wait for a technician to respond to the alarm
two position control (on-off control; discrete control)
continually switches between the on and off positions, which causes wear and tear on the final control element
T/F: Two position control would be used in the application of heating and air condition units and water heaters
True
Dead band
To stabilize control and reduce switching frequency, systems are designed to prevent control action during a specified period of time
proportional control
as the measured variable moves away from the set point, the final control element proportionally adjusts the manipulated variable so that the measured variable returns to the set point
Which type of control provides a greater level of control action
Proportional control
dead time
interval between when a disturbance changes the process (or when a set point is changed) and when the control loop can make a correction
lag time
the period between a change in the setpoint and the process being completely adjusted to the desired setpoint
T/F: Lag time includes dead time
TRUE
normal process variation
natural or expected variations within a process
what are the two types of variations in processing
normal variation and special cause variation
special cause variation
not normal and is often caused by measured process parameters falling outside of established upper or lower operational limits
Process and Instrumentation diagram (P&ID)
shows the order of steps in a process
T/F: P&ID is basically a blueprint
false
What do P&IDs include?
Equipment used in a unit operation, connections between the equipment, and the systems that control the equipment operation
What don’t P&IDs show?
equipment scale, location or physical arrangement
Process flow diagram
Show the order of the unit operations in the overall process
what are the equipment letters that indicate equipment category
T: tank V: valve P: pump H: heater M: monitor
