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Bioworks > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Chromatography

A

a physical method of separation that uses a solid surface with specific properties to attract molecules based on their chemical properties

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2
Q

what are the two phases that Chromatography is distributed between?

A

The stationary phase and the mobile phase (moving in a definite direction)

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3
Q

stationary phase contains…..

A

a solid or liquid supported on a solid

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4
Q

mobile phase contains…….

A

a liquid or a gas

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5
Q

T/F: Each Method of separation uses the same techniques to separate compounds

A

False: Each method uses different techniques to separate compounds, but the principles are still the same

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6
Q

solid phase extraction

A

Transfer of an analyte from a liquid onto a solid sorbent

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7
Q

Elution

A

removal of the analyte from the solid bed onto which it has been retained

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8
Q

What is the goal of interactions in solid phases

A

To retain an analyte on a sorbent strongly enough such that it does not move through the sorbent bed until an elution solvent is introduced

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9
Q

how is Elution brought about

A

By introducing a solvent to which the analyte is more strongly attracted to than it is to the sorbent

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10
Q

Process

A

any activity that changes or physically changes matter or converts energy; a set of steps that produces a result or creates a product

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11
Q

what are some examples of processes

A

Heating, cooling, separation, mixing, growing, filling, and purifying

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12
Q

what are the most common processes called?

A

unit operations

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13
Q

Cell culture and fermentation

A

Growth media grows living cells

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14
Q

centrifugation

A

the separation method that uses G-forces to separate particles of different densities

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15
Q

cell disruption

A

breaking the cell open to release the product

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16
Q

filtration

A

uses a mechanical device like a strainer to physically separate solid particles from a solution

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17
Q

flow

A

usually pumped through a filter under pressure, or is pulled through a filter by a vacuum

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18
Q

mixing and blending

A

combines solids in solids, solids in liquids, and multiple liquids with each other

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19
Q

evaporation

A

process that converts a liquid into a gas by absorbing heat from the environment

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20
Q

sublimation

A

a unit operation that is used for Lyophilization (solids converting into a gas)

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21
Q

Condensation

A

process that converts a gas into a liquid by releasing heat into the environment

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22
Q

Automotive radiators are an example of…….

A

heat exchanger

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23
Q

heat transfer (exchanger)

A

move heat from one fluid to another

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24
Q

stripping and distillation

A

use both evaporation and condensation to separate liquids in a mixture

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25
Q

distillation

A

a separation method that takes advantage of how volatile each component is in a solution and separates them based on their boiling points (separates multiple liquids in a complex mixture)

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26
Q

Clean in place and Steam in place (CIP and SIP)

A

clean production equipment by removing chemical and organic residue left over by previous batches

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27
Q

separation (recovery)

A

the process by which biological product is recovered from host cells

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28
Q

why is separation necessary in manufacturing?

A

many products are produced in solutions or mixtures and must be separated from the solvents/mixture components

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29
Q

what are the three steps of separation

A
  1. separation of cell solids from the broth
  2. Disruption of those host cells to release the product within them
  3. Isolation of the product through the removal of cell debris and other impurities
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30
Q

purification

A

the process of eliminating or separating impurities from the sample

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31
Q

What are some of the methods of separation

A

evaporation, condensation, stripping, distillation, precipitation, crystallization, filtration, centrifugation, liquid extraction, chromatography

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32
Q

T/F: The type and number of separation methods depend on the chemical properties of the solute and the solvent, as well as the degree of purity needed for the final product

A

True

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33
Q

What are the two ways to accomplish evaporation

A

lower the air pressure above a liquid or add heat

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34
Q

what is condensation equipment used for?

A

recover a solvent that is in vapor form or recover a product that is in vapor form

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35
Q

stripping

A

a separation method that separates two liquids in a simple mixture from each other

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36
Q

precipitation

A

a process that separates solid solutes from a solution by changing solutes into precipitates

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37
Q

precipitate

A

an insoluble form of a substance

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38
Q

T/F: you can dissolve a precipitate back into a solution after separating it

A

False: Precipitates do not dissolve in the solvent

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39
Q

Crystallization

A

the process of separating a solute from a liquid solution by increasing the concentration of that solute until the it reaches saturation point

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40
Q

saturation point

A

when a solvent is no longer able to absorb any more of the solute

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41
Q

filtrate (permeate)

A

in filtration, it’s the liquid that flows through a filter

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42
Q

retentate

A

the material that is trapped by the filter

43
Q

depth filters

A

diverts liquids through a convoluted path to separate large cell fragments from smaller pieces

44
Q

T/F: Depth filtration is also known as Dead-End Flow

A

True: it can also be susceptible to clogging

45
Q

membrane filter

A

uses a filter type that has pores of a precise size that only particles smaller than the pores can pass through them

46
Q

dead end flow

A

a type of filtration in which the process stream flows straight through the filter while the retentate stays on the filter surface

47
Q

tangential flow (cross flow)

A

a filtration system in which the process stream flows across the surface of the filter so that it continuously washes the retentate off the filter surface and prevents clogging of the filter

48
Q

what are some everyday examples of centrifugation

A

salad spinners and washing machine spin dry cycles

49
Q

liquid extraction

A

the process of adding a different solvent to a solution to pull a particular solute out of the solution

50
Q

T/F: Liquid extraction is efficient and cost effective in the pharmaceutical industry

A

True

51
Q

T/F: Chromatography is cheaper than Liquid extraction

A

False: it is expensive

52
Q

What is known as one of the most powerful separation methods in industry?

A

Chromatology

53
Q

Chromatography uses this solid yet porous material made from plastic polymers, formed into tiny beads

A

Resin

54
Q

what are the 4 types of chromatography in bioprocessing and chemical operations

A

ion exchange, size exclusion, affinity, and hydrophobic interaction

55
Q

ion exchange chromatography

A

based on the electrical charge of the molecules

56
Q

size exclusion chromatography

A

separates molecules based on size

57
Q

affinity chromatography

A

based on protein binding; chemical groups attached to the resin bind the protein being purified

58
Q

hydrophobic interaction chromatography

A

based on the solubility of molecules in water; hydrophobic molecules attract molecules that prefer not to be in water

59
Q

control

A

to maintain a validated process between upper and lower control limits with the target outcome in mind

60
Q

process control parameters

A

characteristics that may change or vary during the process that one must regulate in order to control what happens in a process

61
Q

what are variables that can affect the process flow

A

Temperature, pH, nutrition and correct growth environment, positive pressure, bioburden, time

62
Q

Why monitor the temperature throughout a bioprocess procedure?

A

temperature regulation is critical to ensuring proper cell growth and protein expression

63
Q

Why monitor the pH levels throughout a bioprocess procedure?

A

Effective pH control is critical to ensuring that cells remain healthy for protein expression

64
Q

T/F: Cells in bioreactors need glucose as an energy source

A

True

65
Q

Why monitor the pressure throughout a bioprocess procedure?

A

pressure is often used as a critical control parameter in filtration, sterility assurance, safety applications, and cell growth

66
Q

Why monitor the time throughout a bioprocess procedure?

A

Time is a process parameter of many processing steps

67
Q

Give some examples of processes where time is used as a parameter

A

temperature equilibration and mixing

68
Q

sensor

A

instruments that collect information about a measured variable

69
Q

set point

A

target; your process parameters’ desired values

70
Q

transmitter

A

an instrument that sends information from sensor to controller after converting information into an electrical signal

71
Q

controllers

A

instruments that compare conditions and make decisions and sends a signal to the final control element to take corrective action to keep the process within specification

72
Q

final control element

A

unit actually reacts to make the corrective action

73
Q

what are the two types of controllers for industrial process

A

programmable logic controller (PLC) and distributed control system (DCS)

74
Q

programmable logic controller

A

works by continually scanning the software ladder program many times per second, allowing the program to control the process through physical devices that are the PLC inputs and outputs

75
Q

software ladder program

A
  1. Check inputs
  2. execute program
  3. update outputs
76
Q

distributed control system

A

a complex software package that controls many plant functions

77
Q

Human-machine interface

A

a touch screen or a keyboard and mouse that technicians use to access PLCs and DCSs

78
Q

data integrity

A

ensures that data cannot be altered, deleted, omitted, or in any way modified to misrepresent what actually occurred

79
Q

manual control

A

a human performs some or all of the process control tasks (sensing, comparing, and correcting)

80
Q

Automatic control

A

instruments perform the process control tasks and can regulate process variables more precisely and efficiently, particularly in larger, more complex operations

81
Q

feedback control loop

A

instruments work together in a loop, continually collecting and comparing data and adjusting the process for disturbances from outside the loop

82
Q

T/F: Feedback is necessary to keep the process within specifications

A

True

83
Q

alarms

A

alert technicians to problems

84
Q

what causes alarms to go off

A

when a process variable reaches a value that indicates serious trouble

85
Q

T/F: Acknowledging an alarm does not correct the alarm condition

A

true

86
Q

interlocks

A

shuts down the equipment when critical process variables are out of specification, instead of setting off alarms

87
Q

when are interlocks used?

A

when the situation grows to critical to wait for a technician to respond to the alarm

88
Q

two position control (on-off control; discrete control)

A

continually switches between the on and off positions, which causes wear and tear on the final control element

89
Q

T/F: Two position control would be used in the application of heating and air condition units and water heaters

A

True

90
Q

Dead band

A

To stabilize control and reduce switching frequency, systems are designed to prevent control action during a specified period of time

91
Q

proportional control

A

as the measured variable moves away from the set point, the final control element proportionally adjusts the manipulated variable so that the measured variable returns to the set point

92
Q

Which type of control provides a greater level of control action

A

Proportional control

93
Q

dead time

A

interval between when a disturbance changes the process (or when a set point is changed) and when the control loop can make a correction

94
Q

lag time

A

the period between a change in the setpoint and the process being completely adjusted to the desired setpoint

95
Q

T/F: Lag time includes dead time

A

TRUE

96
Q

normal process variation

A

natural or expected variations within a process

97
Q

what are the two types of variations in processing

A

normal variation and special cause variation

98
Q

special cause variation

A

not normal and is often caused by measured process parameters falling outside of established upper or lower operational limits

99
Q

Process and Instrumentation diagram (P&ID)

A

shows the order of steps in a process

100
Q

T/F: P&ID is basically a blueprint

A

false

101
Q

What do P&IDs include?

A

Equipment used in a unit operation, connections between the equipment, and the systems that control the equipment operation

102
Q

What don’t P&IDs show?

A

equipment scale, location or physical arrangement

103
Q

Process flow diagram

A

Show the order of the unit operations in the overall process

104
Q

what are the equipment letters that indicate equipment category

A 
T: tank
V: valve
P: pump
H: heater
M: monitor

Bioworks (1 decks)

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