Chapter 55 Flashcards
Right Upper Quadrant Contains
- Most of the liver
- Gallbladder
- Duodenum
- Head of the pancreas
- Hepatic flexure of the colon
- Part of the ascending and transverse colon
Right Lower Quadrant Contains
- Cecum
- Appendix
- Right ureter
- Right ovary and fallopian tuve
- Right spermatic cord
Midline Abdomen Contains
- Abdominal aorta
- Uterus (if enlarged)
- Bladder (if distended)
Left Upper Quadrant Contains
- Left lobe of the liver
- Stomach
- Spleen
- Body and tail of pancreas
- Splenic flexure of the colon
- Part of the transverse and descending colon
Left Lower Quadrant Contains
- Part of the descending colon
- Sigmoid colon
- Left ureter
- Left ovary and fallopian tube
- Left spermatic cord
Calcium
Level & Significance
9.0 - 10.5 (values decrease in older adults)
Decreased values indicate possible:
Malabsorption, Renal failure, Acute pancreatitis
Potassium
Level & Significance
3.5 - 5.0
Decreased values indicate possible:
Vomiting, gastric suctioning, diarrhea, drainage from intestinal fistula
Albumin
Level & Significance
3.5 - 5.0
Decreased values indicate possible:
hepatic disease
ALT
Level & Significance
3 - 35 international units/L or 8 - 20 units/L
Increased values indicate possible:
Liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis
AST
Level & Significance
5 - 40
Increased values indicate possible:
Liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis
Total Billirubin
Level & Significance
0.1 - 1.0
Increased values indicate possible:
Hemolysis, biliary obstruction, hepatic damage
Direct Bilirubin
Level & Significance
0.1 - 0.3
Increased values indicate possible:
Biliary obstruction
Indirect Bilirubin
Level & Significance
0.2 - 0.8
Increased values indicate possible:
Hemolysis, hepatic damage
Ammonia
Level & Significance
15 - 110
Increased values indicate possible:
Hepatic disease such as cirrhosis
Amylase
Level & Significance
56 - 90
Increased values indicate possible:
Acute pancreatitis
Lipase
Level & Significance
0 - 110
Increased values indicate possible:
Acute pancreatitis
Cholesterol
Level & Significance
<200
Increased values indicate possible:
Pacreatitis, biliary obstruction
CA19-9
Level & Significance
<37 units/mL
Increased values indicate possible:
Cancer of the pancreas, stomach, or colon,
Acute pancreatitis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) (Level & Significance)
Nonsmoker s disease, Hepatitis, Cirrhosis
Alkaline Phosphatase
Level & Significance
30 - 85 international units/L
42 - 128 units/L
Increased values indicate possible:
Hepatic disease, biliary obstruction
Prothrombin Time (PT) (Level & Significance)
9 to 12 seconds
Increased in hepatic disease as vitamin K is not synthesized.
INR
International Normalized Ratio
1-2
2 - 3 desired therapeutic level with Coumadin
Hct
Hematocrit
Male: 42-52%
Female: 35-47%
Hgb
Hemoglobin
Male: 13-18 g/dL
Female: 12.0-16.0 g/dL
RBC (erythrocyte count)
Male: 4.3-5.9 million/mm3
Female: 3.5-5.5 million/mm3
Platelet Count
150,000-400,000/μL
WBC (leukocyte count)
5000-10,000/mm
BUN
6-20 mg/dL
High - CHF, kidney failure or disease, hypovolema
Low - liver problems, malnutrition
Creatinine
0.5-1.5 mg/dL*
C is removed entirely by the kidneys.
High means more C in blood because kidney function is abnormal and not removing it properly
Total Protein
6.4-8.3 g/dL*
What vitamins and minerals are stored by the kidney
iron, magnesium, and fat-soluable vitamins A, D, E, K
What valve separates the entrance of the ileum from the cecum of the large intestine?
ileocecal
Decreased hydrochloric acids level lead to decreased absorption of…
Iron and vitamin B12
