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BISC 407 > Chapter 53 - Differentiation and Survival of Nerve Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 53 - Differentiation and Survival of Nerve Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what are progenitor cells?

A
  • cells that have undergone some level of regeneration

- give rise to new cells

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2
Q

what happens to progenitor cells early in embryonic development?

A

-most progenitor cells in the ventricular zone of neural tube proliferate rapidly

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3
Q

what are two modes of cell division?

A
  1. asymmetric

2. symmetric

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4
Q

what is asymmetric division?

A

-progenitor produces one differentiated daughter and another daughter that retains its stem cell-like properties

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5
Q

what is symmetric division?

A
  • produce two stem cells

- population of proliferative progenitor cells

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6
Q

what do radial glial cells serve as?

A
  • neural progenitors

- structural scaffolds

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7
Q

what do many radial glial cells differentiate into?

A

astrocytes

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8
Q

what type of division can radial glial cells undergo?

A

both asymmetric and self-renewing cell division

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9
Q

are radial glial cells progenitors?

A

yes

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10
Q

which type of division is most common for early/late development?

A

early -> symmetric

late -> asymmetric

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11
Q

how is the generation of neurons vs glial cells regulated?

A

delta-notch signaling

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12
Q

neurons derive from ______ and glia derive from ______ pimarily

A

neurons -> asymmetric

glia -> symmetric

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13
Q

what is the function of radial glial cells?

A
  • serve as precursors to neurons in the CNS

- provide a scaffold for radial neuronal migration

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14
Q

what is the signaling level of delta/notch initially?

A
  • levels are initially similar in each cell

- signaling strength is equal

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15
Q

what happens when cell A provides a greater delta signal?

A

-activates more notch signaling on cell B

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16
Q

what does the binding of delta to notch lead to?

A

-proteolytic cleavage that becomes a transcription factor

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17
Q

what is the result of the transcription factor following the binding a delta to notch?

A

-inhibits expression of delta

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18
Q

high-notch cells are will become ______ cells

A

non-neural cells

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19
Q

low-notch cells will become _________ cells

A

neural cells

20
Q

what other decision does delta-notch signaling regulate?

A

-oligodendrocyte vs astrocyte cell fate

21
Q

what does the activation of notch signaling in glial progenitor cells result in?

A
  • differentiation as astrocytes

- inhibits differentiation as oligodendrocytes

22
Q

how is layered organization of the cerebral cortex established?

A

-neurons migrate along radial glial cells

23
Q

what is the role of radial glial cells in migration?

A

-act as scaffolds for neurons as they extend to outer layer of the developing cerebral cortex

24
Q

what happens when neurons approach the pial surface?

A

-neurons will stop migrating and detach from the radial glial cells

25
Q

what pattern of migration do cortical cells follow?

A

-“inside-first outside-last” pattern of migration

26
Q

what happens in lissencephaly?

A

-“smooth brain”
-neurons leave the ventricular zone
-fail to complete their migration into cortical plate
-

27
Q

what happens in a reelin mutation?

A
  • neurons fail to detach from their radial glia scaffolds
  • pile up underneath the cortical plate
  • inverted arrangement
28
Q

what is the “hardest” part of the neuron to move along during cell migration?

A
  • nucleus

- like a heavy sac

29
Q

How is migration possible even with the “difficult” nucleus?

A
  • complex arrangements of microtubules around nucleus orchestrate migration
  • nucleus moves in intermittent, stepwise manner
30
Q

What other types of interactions are involved in neuronal migration along radial glia?

A
  • adhesive interactions between cells

- EX: integrins promote neuronal extension on radial glial cells

31
Q

What are the three major programs for cell migration?

A
  1. radial migration
  2. tangential migration
  3. free migration
32
Q

what is tangential migration?

A
  • central neurons use axonal tracts as their guide

- move laterally then up

33
Q

what is the evolutionary result of tangential migration?

A

-increase complexity of neuronal circuits

34
Q

cortical neurons originate from 2 sources:

A
  1. excitatory neurons -> ventricular zone

2. inhibitory -> medial ganglionic eminence

35
Q

where does the PNS derive from?

A

neural crest cells

36
Q

what type of cells are neural crest cells?

A

-neuroepithelial cells at the boundary of the neural tube and ectoderm

37
Q

what is free migration?

A
  • migration that does not rely on scaffolding

- requires cell adhesive changes + cytoarchitectural changes

38
Q

how does free migration work?

A
  • BMP signaling
  • BMP triggers molecular changes that convert epithelial cells to mesenchymal state
  • causes them to delaminate and express ECM proteases
39
Q

is the neurotransmitter phenotype of a neuron permanent?

A

no, it is plastic

40
Q

what determines the neurotransmitter released by a neuroN?

A
  • transcription factor programs

- intertwined and hardwired with cell fate

41
Q

what informs cell fate of neurons?

A

-peripheral targets

42
Q

what is the default fate for sympathetic neurons?

A

-noradrenergic

43
Q

what causes sympathetic neurons to become cholinergic?

A

-gp130

44
Q

what are the two types of peripheral nerve cells?

A
  1. sympathetic

2. sensory neurons

45
Q

which is more plastic, sympathetic or sensory?

A

-sympathetic

46
Q

what also results in a noradrenergic neuron switching to a cholinergic phenotype?

A
  • secretion of signals from glad cell targets

- transformative effects to direct cholinergic fate

47
Q

what controls the phenotype of central neuron neurotransmitters?

A

-helix-loop-helix transcription factors

BISC 407 (3 decks)

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