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Biology (from 11th grade) > Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere > Flashcards

Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecology

A

Derived from Greek “oikos” (home) and “logos” (study). Ecology is the study of scientific study of interactions between organisms and the environment.

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2
Q

Biosphere

A

The global ecosystem.

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3
Q

Landscape (or seascape)

A

A mosaic of connected ecosystems.

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4
Q

Ecosystem

A

The community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interact.

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5
Q

Community

A

Group of populations of different species in the area.

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6
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of the same species living in an area.

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7
Q

Organismal ecology

A

Concerned with how an organism’s structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by its environment.

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8
Q

Order of Ecology Groups?

A
  1. Global
  2. Landscape
  3. Ecosystem
  4. Community
  5. Population
  6. Organismal
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9
Q

Tropics

A

Regions that lie between 23.5 north latitude and 23.5 south latitude.

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10
Q

Climate

A

The long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area.

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11
Q

Macroclimate

A

Climate patterns on the global, regional, and landscape level.

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12
Q

Microclimate

A

Very fine, localized climate patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms that live in the microhabitat beneath a fallen log.

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13
Q

Which 2 factors make up the Earth’s macroclimate?

A

Global climate patterns AND Regional and local effects on climate.

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14
Q

What are some factors that affect regional and local effects on climate?

A

Seasonality, bodies of water, and mountains. (pg. 1162-1163)

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15
Q

What are some ways features in the environment can influence microclimate?

A

Cast shade, alter evaporation from soil, or change wind patterns.

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16
Q

What does abiotic mean, and what are some examples of abiotic factors?

A

Abiotic factors are nonliving factors that influence the distribution and abundance of organisms. Some examples are temperature, light, water, and nutrients.

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17
Q

What does biotic mean, and what are some examples of biotic factors?

A

Biotic factors are living factors (other organisms that are part of an individual’s environment), that influence the distribution and abundance of organisms.

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18
Q

Biomes are…

A

major life zones characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes or by the physical environment in aquatic biomes.

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19
Q

A climograph is…

A

a plot of the annual MEAN temperature and precipitation in a particular region (highlights the importance of climate in distribution of biomes).

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20
Q

Most terrestrial biomes are named for…

A

their major physical physical or climactic features, or their predominate vegetation. (1165)

21
Q

An ecotone is…

A

the area of integration (wide or narrow) between biomes (particularly terrestrial). (1166)

22
Q

Define a disturbance in ecological terms.

A

An event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community, removing organisms from it and altering resource availability. (1166)

23
Q

As a result of disturbances, biomes are often _____.

A

patchy. (containing several different communities in a single area.) (1166)

24
Q

Unlike terrestrial biomes, aquatic biomes are…

A

characterized primarily by their physical environment (they also have far less latitudinal variation.) (1171)

25
Q

Oceans cover about ___ percent of Earth’s surface.

A

75 (1171)

26
Q

Many aquatic biomes are __________ vertically and horizontally.

A

physically and chemically stratified (layered) (1171)

27
Q

Upper photic zone

A

There is sufficient light for photosynthesis. (1171)

28
Q

Lower aphotic zone

A

Little light penetrates. (1171)

29
Q

Pelagic zone

A

Comprised of the photic and aphotic zones. (1171)

30
Q

Abyssal zone

A

The part of the ocean 2000-6000m below the surface. (1171)

31
Q

Benthic zone

A

At the bottom of all aquatic zones (deep or shallow). Made up of sand and organic and inorganic sediments. (1171)

32
Q

Benthos

A

Communities of organisms (collectively called benthos) that reside in the benthic zone. (1171)

33
Q

Detritus

A

Dead organic matter (and major source of food for many benthic species) that “rains down” from the surface. (1171)

34
Q

Thermocline

A

Layer of abrupt temperature change that separates the more uniformly warm upper layer from uniformly cold deeper waters. (1171)

35
Q

Turnover

A

Semiannual mixing of temperate lakes’ waters as a result of changing temperature profiles. (1171-1172)

36
Q

Ecological time

A

The minute-to-minute time frame of interactions between organisms and the environment. (1172)

37
Q

Evolutionary time

A

Through natural selection, organisms adapt to their environment over the time frame of many generations. (1172)

38
Q

Dispersal

A

The movement of individuals or gametes away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density. (1178)

39
Q

Long distance dispersal can lead to…

A

adaptive radiation. (1178)

40
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

The rapid evolution of an ancestral species into a new species that fill many ecological niches. (1178)

41
Q

If a species transplant is successful…

A

Its POTENTIAL range is larger than its ACTUAL range (meaning the species could live in certain areas where it currently does not).

42
Q

Cells may rupture if…

A

the water they contain freezes (0C) (1179)

43
Q

Proteins of most organisms denature…

A

at 45C. (1179)

44
Q

Thermophilic prokaryotes have adaptions that allow them to…

A

live outside the temperature range habitable by other life. (1179)

45
Q

The distribution of terrestrial species reflects…

A

their ability to obtain and conserve water. (1180)

46
Q

Slow diffusion of oxygen in water can limit…

A

cellular respiration and other physiological processes. (1180)

47
Q

Where may oxygen concentrations be low?

A

Deep water, sediments where organic matter is abundant, and flooded wetland soils. (1180)

48
Q

The surface waters of ____ and ____ tend to be well oxygenated because of the rapid exchange of atmospheric gases.

A

streams and rivers (1180)

Biology (from 11th grade) (2 decks)

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