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Ecology Exam 2 > Chapter 51 > Flashcards

Chapter 51 Flashcards

1
Q

ethology

A

study of behavior

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2
Q

Behavioral Ecology

A

study of behavior (as in adaptation) in the context of ecology (the present) and evolution (over time).

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3
Q

Proximate Cause

A

triggered by environmental, genetics, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms

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4
Q

Ultimate Causes

A

focuses on the evolutionary significance and why natural selection favors this behavior.

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5
Q

innate behavior

A

under strong genetic influence (not learned)

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6
Q

fixed action pattern

A

sequence of innate behaviors; carried to completion once initiated by a sign stimulus (external sensory trigger)

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7
Q

imprinting

A

specific learned behavior with a significant innate component, acquired during a sensitive period (critical development stage)

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8
Q

signal

A

behavior in an animal that causes a change in another’s behavior

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9
Q

communication

A

transmission, reception, and response to signals- visuals, audio, chemical, tactile and electrical cues

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10
Q

pheromone

A

a secreted or excreted chemical signal for communication; acts much like a hormone to influence physiology/ behavior

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11
Q

Examples of pheromone

A

courtship & mating, quorum sensing, kin recognition, aggression, trail marking, alarm signaling, territorial

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12
Q

promiscuous

A

no strong pair bonds or lasting relationships

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13
Q

monogamous

A

one male mating with one female

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14
Q

polygamous

A

individual of one sex mating with several from the other

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15
Q

territory

A

area, usually fixed in location, that individuals defend against other members of the same species

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16
Q

total range

A

covered by individual or group during lifetime

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17
Q

home range

A

used by individual or group on a regular basis

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18
Q

agonistic behavior

A

includes a variety of threats or actual combat that settles disputed between individuals in population (over resources; mate)

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19
Q

dominance hierarchy

A

ranking of individuals based on social interactions

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20
Q

altruism

A

reduce on fitness to increase that of another

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21
Q

kin selection

A

altruistic behavior towards close kin

22
Q

inclusive fitness

A

total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes (own offspring or close kin)

23
Q

coefficient of relatedness

A

probability of two individuals that share the same parent or ancestor, a particular gene will be shared

24
Q

eusocial societies

A

extremely altruistic colonies (bees, ants, termites, naked mole rates) recently been applied to humans

25
Q

Behavior

A

everything an animal does; how and why?

26
Q

Ecology

A

study of interactions of organisms with each other and their physical environment

27
Q

Biotic Components

A

Organisms that are apart of the environment

28
Q

Abiotic Components

A

nonliving chemical and physical factors

29
Q

Ecological Niche

A

its role and position a species has in its environment

30
Q

Biosphere

A

global ecosystem; entire portion of earth that is inhabited by life

31
Q

Biome

A

one of the worlds major ecosystems, classified according to the predominate vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms of that particular environment
ex. tundra, desert

32
Q

Ecotone

A

region of integration between biomes; often rich with unusual combinations of native organisms

33
Q

estuary

A

where freshwater mouth meets ocean

  • enriched in nutrients
  • salinity gradient
  • often abused with development, run-off, landfill
34
Q

Eutrophication

A

aquatic systems released from nutrient limitations can be too productive; algae “bloom” can result in red tides, fish kills and hypoxic dead zones

35
Q

population ecology

A

populations in relation to environment

36
Q

immigration

A

add new individuals from other populations

37
Q

emigration

A

movement of individuals out of a population

38
Q

dispersal

A

movement of individuals from centers of high population or from area of origin

39
Q

Demography

A

vital statistics of a population over time

40
Q

survivorship curve

A

plot of proportion in cohort still alive at each age

41
Q

Type I

A

Death rate increases with age

42
Q

Type II

A

death rate constant for all ages

43
Q

Type III

A

Death rate high at young age

44
Q

Exponential growth

A

geometric increase in unlimited conditions

45
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

Max. population size that an environment can support

46
Q

Logistic population growth

A

per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is approached

47
Q

Trade offs

A

when energy, nutrients, time are used for one thing they cannot be used for another

48
Q

K-selection

A

density-dependent selection, for certain population life centered around having fewer offspring that have good chance of survival

49
Q

R-selection

A

density-independent selection, for certain populations a high reproductive rate is key to fitness

50
Q

sustainable resource management

A

harvesting without damaging the resource

51
Q

maximum sustained yield

A

harvesting at a level that produces a constant yield without forcing a population into decline

Ecology Exam 2 (1 decks)

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