Chapter 51

Question 0

Ultimate Causation

Answer 0

Concerns the benefit to survival and reproduction and the evolutionary basis of the behavior; the why

Question 1

Proximate Causation

Answer 1

The immediate cause of a behavior in terms of the stimuli that trigger it; the how

Question 2

Behavioral Ecology

Answer 2

The study of the ecological and evolutionary basis of animal behavior

Question 3

Fixed Action Plan (FAP)

Answer 3

Sequence of unlearned behaviors that, once begun must be carried to completion

Question 4

Sign Stimulus

Answer 4

A simple external stimulus

Question 5

Migration

Answer 5

An annual long distance change in location

Question 6

Circadian Clock

Answer 6

The biological clock internal to every animal

Question 7

Circannual rhythms

Answer 7

Rhythms that are linked to the yearly cycle of seasons and influenced by the changing amounts of daylight and darkness

Question 8

Communication

Answer 8

Transmission and reception of signals between animals

Question 9

Stimulus Response Chain

Answer 9

Involved in courtship; the response is the stimulus for the next response

Question 10

Visual, Auditory, Chemical, and Tactile

Answer 10

Communication methods

Question 11

Pheromones

Answer 11

Chemical signals commonly used by animals in reproductive behavior to attract mates and trigger specific behaviors

Question 12

Innate Behavior

Answer 12

Behavior performed by virtually every member of a population

Question 13

Cross-fostering Study

Answer 13

One species young raised by another species adult

Question 14

Learning

Answer 14

Behavior modification due to experiences

Question 15

Imprinting

Answer 15

Characterized by the sensitive period, where learning is very long lasting

Question 16

Spatial learning

Answer 16

Memory of the environment

Question 17

Associative learning

Answer 17

Stimuli are associated with each other

Question 18

Classical conditioning

Answer 18

Arbitrary stimulus is associated with a particular outcome

Question 19

Operant condition

Answer 19

Trial and error; action is associated with reward or punishment

Question 20

Cognition

Answer 20

Ability to learn with thinking, reasoning, recollection, and judgement

Question 21

Problem-solving

Answer 21

Ability to achieve an end in the face of obstacles

Question 22

Social learning

Answer 22

Learning from others actions

Question 23

Foraging

Answer 23

Behavior involved with searching for, recognizing, obtaining, and consuming food

Question 24

Optimal foraging model

Answer 24

Feeding behaviors optimize between energy intake, risk of predation, and energy expenditure

Question 25

Promiscuous

Answer 25

No strong pair forms when mating

Question 26

Monogamous

Answer 26

One to one mating

Question 27

Polygamous

Answer 27

One of one sex, many of the other (usually one male)

Question 28

Intrasexual

Answer 28

Competition among one sex for mates

Question 29

Intersexual

Answer 29

Mates are chosen by one sex based upon characteristics

Question 30

Mate choice copying

Answer 30

Mate selection is mimicked among a population

Question 31

Agonistic behavior

Answer 31

Involves contest to see who gets access to a particular resource

Question 32

Altruism

Answer 32

Selflessness; reduces own fitness for others

Question 33

Inclusive fitness

Answer 33

Passing on own genes and helping other relatives do so

Question 34

Kin selection

Answer 34

Natural selection that favors behavior that enhances the reproductive advantage of related individuals

Question 35

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 35

No immediate benefit to the individual, but the benefited animal may “return the favor” in the future