chapter 50 : perioperative nursing

Question 1

The nurse is caring for a surgical patient, when the family member asks what perioperative nursing means. How should the nurse respond?

a. Perioperative nursing occurs in preadmission testing.
b. Perioperative nursing occurs primarily in the post-anesthesia care unit.
c. Perioperative nursing includes activities before, during, and after surgery.
d. Perioperative nursing includes activities only during the surgical procedure.

Answer 1

c. Perioperative nursing includes activities before, during, and after surgery.

Perioperative nursing care occurs before, during, and after surgery. Preadmission testing occurs before surgery and is considered preoperative. Nursing care provided during the surgical procedure is considered intraoperative, and in the post-anesthesia care unit, it is considered postoperative. All of these are parts of the perioperative phase, but each individual phase does not explain the term completely.

Question 2

The nurse is caring for a patient who is scheduled to undergo a surgical procedure. The nurse is completing an assessment and reviews the patient’s laboratory tests and allergies and prepares the patient for surgery. In which perioperative nursing phase is the nurse working?

a. Perioperative
b. Preoperative
c. Intraoperative
d. Postoperative

Answer 2

b. Preoperative

Reviewing the patient’s laboratory tests and allergies is done before surgery in the preoperative phase. Perioperative means before, during, and after surgery. Intraoperative means during the surgical procedure in the operating suite; postoperative means after the surgery and could occur in the post-anesthesia care unit, in the ambulatory surgical area, or on the hospital unit.

Question 3

The nurse is caring for a patient in the post-anesthesia care unit. The patient has developed profuse bleeding from the surgical site, and the surgeon has determined the need to return to the operative area. How will the nurse classify this procedure?

a. Major
b. Urgent
c. Elective
d. Emergency

Answer 3

d. Emergency

An emergency procedure must be done immediately to save a life or preserve the function of a body part. An example would be repair of a perforated appendix, repair of a traumatic amputation, or control of internal hemorrhaging. An urgent procedure is necessary for a patient’s health and often prevents additional problems from developing. An example would be excision of a cancerous tumor, removal of a gallbladder for stones, or vascular repair for an obstructed artery. An elective procedure is performed on the basis of the patient’s choice; it is not essential and is not always necessary for health. An example would be a bunionectomy, plastic surgery, or hernia reconstruction. A major procedure involves extensive reconstruction or alteration in body parts; it poses great risks to well-being. An example would be a coronary artery bypass or colon resection.

Question 4

The nurse is caring for a patient in preadmission testing. The patient has been assigned a physical status classification by the American Society of Anesthesiologists of ASA III. Which assessment will support this classification?

a. Normal, healthy patient
b. Denial of any major illnesses or conditions
c. Poorly controlled hypertension with implanted pacemaker
d. Moribund patient not expected to survive without the operation

Answer 4

c. Poorly controlled hypertension with implanted pacemaker

An ASA III rating is a patient with a severe systemic disease, such as poorly controlled hypertension with an implanted pacemaker. ASA I is a normal healthy patient with no major illnesses or conditions. ASA II is a patient with mild systemic disease. ASA V is a moribund patient who is not expected to survive without the operation and includes patients with ruptured abdominal/thoracic aneurysm or massive trauma.

Question 5

The patient presented to the ambulatory surgery center to have a colonoscopy is scheduled to receive moderate sedation (conscious sedation) during the procedure. How will the nurse interpret this information?

a. The procedure results in loss of sensation in an area of the body.
b. The procedure requires a depressed level of consciousness.
c. The procedure will be performed on an outpatient basis.
d. The procedure necessitates the patient to be immobile

Answer 5

b. The procedure requires a depressed level of consciousness.

Moderate sedation (conscious sedation) is used routinely for procedures that do not require complete anesthesia but rather a depressed level of consciousness. Not all patients who are treated on an outpatient basis receive moderate sedation. Regional anesthesia such as local anesthesia provides loss of sensation in an area of the body. General anesthesia is used for patients who need to be immobile and to not remember the surgical procedure.

Question 6

The nurse is caring for a patient in the post-anesthesia care unit who has undergone a left total knee arthroplasty. The anesthesia provider has indicated that the patient received regional anesthesia in the form of a left femoral peripheral nerve block. Which assessment will be an expected finding for this patient?

a. Sensation decreased in the left leg
b. Patient report of pain in the left foot
c. Pulse decreased at the left posterior tibia
d. Left toes cool to touch and slightly cyanotic

Answer 6

a. Sensation decreased in the left leg

Induction of regional anesthesia results in loss of sensation in an area of the body—in this case, the left leg. The peripheral nerve block influences the portions of sensory pathways that are anesthetized in the targeted area of the body. Decreased pulse, toes cool to touch, and cyanosis are indications of decreased blood flow and are not expected findings. Reports of pain in the left foot may indicate that the block is not working or is subsiding and is not an expected finding in the immediate postoperative period.

Question 7

Which nursing goal is a priority for assessing the patient before surgery?

a. Plan for care after the procedure.
b. Establish a patient’s baseline of normal function.
c. Educate the patient and family about the procedure.
d. Gather appropriate equipment for the patient’s needs.

Answer 7

b. Establish a patient’s baseline of normal function.

The goal of the preoperative assessment is to identify a patient’s normal preoperative function and the presence of any risks to recognize, prevent, and minimize possible postoperative complications. Gathering appropriate equipment, planning care, and educating the patient and family are all important interventions that must be provided for the surgical patient; they are part of the nursing process but are not the priority reason/goal for completing an assessment of the surgical patient.

Question 8

The nurse is completing a medication history for the surgical patient in preadmission testing. Which medication should the nurse instruct the patient to hold (discontinue) in preparation for surgery according to protocol?

a. Warfarin
b. Vitamin C
c. Prednisone
d. Acetaminophen

Answer 8

a. Warfarin

Medications such as warfarin or aspirin alter normal clotting factors and thus increase the risk of hemorrhaging. Discontinue at least 48 hours before surgery. Acetaminophen is a pain reliever that has no special implications for surgery. Vitamin C actually assists in wound healing and has no special implications for surgery. Prednisone is a corticosteroid, and dosages are often temporarily increased rather than held.

Question 9

The nurse is prescreening a surgical patient in the preadmission testing unit. The medication history indicates that the patient is currently taking an anticoagulant. Which action should the nurse request when consulting with the health care provider?

a. A radiological examination of the chest
b. An international normalized ratio (INR)
c. A blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
d. A serum sodium (Na)

Answer 9

b. An international normalized ratio (INR)

INR, PT (prothrombin time), APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time), and platelet counts reveal the clotting ability of the blood. Anticoagulants can be utilized for different conditions, but its action is to increase the time it takes for the blood to clot. This action can put the surgical patient at risk for bleeding tendencies. Typically, if at all possible, this medication is held several days before a surgical procedure to decrease this risk. Chest x-ray, BUN, and Na are diagnostic screening tools for surgery but are not specific to anticoagulants.

Question 10

The nurse is encouraging the post-operative patient to utilize diaphragmatic breathing. Which priority goal is the nurse trying to achieve?

a. Manage pain.
b. Prevent atelectasis.
c. Reduce healing time.
d. Decrease thrombus formation.

Answer 10

b. Prevent atelectasis.

After surgery, patients may have reduced lung volume and may require greater effort to cough and deep breathe; inadequate lung expansion can lead to atelectasis and pneumonia. Purposely utilizing diaphragmatic breathing can decrease this risk. During general anesthesia, the lungs are not fully inflated during surgery and the cough reflex is suppressed, so mucus collects within airway passages. Diaphragmatic breathing does not manage pain; in some cases, if splinting and pain medications are not given, it can cause pain. Diaphragmatic breathing does not reduce healing time or decrease thrombus formation. Better, more effective interventions are available for these situations.

Question 11

The nurse caring for a postoperative patient will encourage what activity to prevent venous stasis and the formation of thrombus?

a. Diaphragmatic breathing
b. Incentive spirometry
c. Leg exercises
d. Coughing

Answer 11

c. Leg exercises

After general anesthesia, circulation slows, and when the rate of blood slows, a greater tendency for clot formation is noted. Immobilization results in decreased muscular contractions in the lower extremities; these promote venous stasis. Coughing, diaphragmatic breathing, and incentive spirometry are utilized to decrease atelectasis and pneumonia.

Question 12

The nurse caring for a preoperative patient teaches the principles and demonstrates leg exercises for the patient. The patient is unable to perform leg exercises correctly. What is the nurse’s best next step?

a. Encourage the patient to practice at a later date.
b. Assess for the presence of anxiety, pain, or fatigue.
c. Ask the patient why exercises are not being done.
d. Evaluate the educational methods used to educate the patient.

Answer 12

b. Assess for the presence of anxiety, pain, or fatigue.

If the patient is unable to perform leg exercises, the nurse should look for circumstances that may be impacting the patient’s ability to learn. In this case, the patient can be anticipating the upcoming surgery and may be experiencing anxiety. The patient may also be in pain or may be fatigued; both of these can affect the ability to learn. Evaluation of educational methods may be needed, but in this case, principles and demonstrations are being utilized. Asking anyone ―why‖ can cause defensiveness and may not help in attaining the answer. The nurse is aware that the patient is unable to do the exercises. Moving forward without ascertaining that learning has occurred will not help the patient in meeting goals.

Question 13

Which nursing assessment will indicate the patient is performing diaphragmatic breathing correctly?

a. Hands placed on the border of the rib cage with fingers extended will touch as the chest wall contracts.
b. Hands placed on the chest wall with fingers extended will separate as the chest wall contracts.
c. The patient will feel upward movement of the diaphragm during inspiration.
d. The patient will feel downward movement of the diaphragm during expiration.

Answer 13

a. Hands placed on the border of the rib cage with fingers extended will touch as the chest wall contracts.

Positioning the hands along the borders of the rib cage allows the patient to feel movement of the chest and abdomen as the diaphragm descends and the lungs expand. As the patient takes a deep breath and slowly exhales, the middle fingers will touch while the chest wall contracts. The fingers will separate as the chest wall expands. The patient will feel normal downward movement of the diaphragm during inspiration and normal upward movement during expiration

Question 14

The nurse is caring for a postoperative patient with an abdominal incision. When the nurse provides a pillow to use during coughing, which activity is the nurse promoting?

a. Pain relief
b. Splinting
c. Distraction
d. Anxiety reduction

Answer 14

b. Splinting

Deep breathing and coughing exercises place additional stress on the suture line and cause discomfort. Splinting incision with hands and a pillow provides firm support and reduces incisional pull. Providing a pillow during coughing does not provide distraction or reduce anxiety. Providing a pillow does not provide pain relief. Coughing can increase anxiety because it can cause pain. Analgesics provide pain relief.

Question 15

The nurse is encouraging a reluctant postoperative patient to deep breathe and cough. Which explanation can the nurse provide that may encourage the patient to comply?

a. If you don’t deep breathe and cough, you will get pneumonia. b. You will need to cough only a few times during this shift.
c. Let’s try clearing the throat because that will work just as well.
d. Deep breathing and coughing will clear your lungs of the anesthesia.

Answer 15

d. Deep breathing and coughing will clear your lungs of the anesthesia.

Deep breathing and coughing expel retained anesthetic gases and facilitate a patient’s return to consciousness. Although it is correct that a patient may experience atelectasis and pneumonia if deep breathing and coughing are not performed, the way this is worded sounds threatening and could be communicated in a more therapeutic manner. Deep breathing and coughing are encouraged every 2 hours while the patient is awake. Just clearing the throat does not remove mucus from deeper airways.

Question 16

The nurse and the nursing assistive personnel are assisting a postoperative patient to turn in bed. To assist in minimizing discomfort, which instruction should the nurse provide to the patient?

a. Close your eyes and think about something pleasant.
b. Hold your breath and count to three.
c. Grab my shoulders with your hands.
d. Use your hand to support your incision.

Answer 16

d. Use your hand to support your incision.

Instruct the patient to place the right hand over the incisional area to splint it, providing support and minimizing pulling during turning. Closing one’s eyes, holding one’s breath, and holding the nurse’s shoulders do not help support the incision during a turn.

Question 17

The nurse is preparing to assist the patient in using the incentive spirometer. Which nursing intervention should the nurse provide first?

a. Perform hand hygiene.
b. Explain use of the mouthpiece.
c. Instruct the patient to inhale slowly.
d. Place in the reverse Trendelenburg’s position.

Answer 17

a. Perform hand hygiene.

Performing hand hygiene reduces microorganisms and should be performed first. Placing the patient in the correct position such as high Fowler’s for the typical postoperative patient or reverse Trendelenburg’s for the bariatric patient would be the next step in the process. Demonstration of use of the mouthpiece followed by the instruction to inhale slowly would be the last step in this scenario.

Question 18

The nurse and the nursing assistive personnel (NAP) are caring for a group of postoperative patients who need turning, coughing, deep breathing, incentive spirometer, and leg exercises. Which task will the nurse assign to the NAP?

a. Teaching postoperative exercises
b. Doing nothing associated with postoperative exercises
c. Documenting in the medical record when exercises are completed
d. Informing the nurse if the patient is unwilling to perform exercises

Answer 18

d. Informing the nurse if the patient is unwilling to perform exercises

The nurse can delegate to the NAP to encourage patients to practice postoperative exercises regularly after instruction and to inform the nurse if the patient is unwilling to perform these exercises. The skills of demonstrating and teaching postoperative exercises and documenting are not within the scope of practice for the nursing assistant. Doing nothing is not appropriate.

Question 19

The nurse is providing preoperative teaching for the ambulatory surgery patient who will be having a cyst removed from the right arm. Which will be the best explanation for diet progression after surgery?

a. Start with clear liquids, soup, and crackers. Advance to a normal diet as tolerated.
b. Stay with ice chips for several hours. After that, you can have whatever you want.
c. Stay on clear liquids for 24 hours. Then you can progress to a normal diet.
d. Start with clear liquids for 2 hours and then full liquids for 2 hours. Then progress to a normal diet.

Answer 19

a. Start with clear liquids, soup, and crackers. Advance to a normal diet as tolerated.

Patients usually receive a normal diet the first evening after surgery unless they have undergone surgery on GI structures. Implement diet intake while judging the patient’s response. For example, provide clear liquids such as water, apple juice, broth, or tea after nausea subsides. If the patient tolerates liquids without nausea, advance the diet as ordered. There is no need to stay on ice chips for several hours or clear liquids for 24 hours after this procedure. Putting a time frame on the progression is too prescriptive. Progression should be adjusted for the patient’s needs.

Question 20

The nurse explains the pain-relief measures available after surgery during preoperative teaching for a surgical patient. Which comment from the patient indicates the need for additional education on this topic?

a. I will be asked to rate my pain on a pain scale.
b. I will have minimal pain because of the anesthesia.
c. I will take the pain medication as the provider prescribes it.
d. I will take my pain medications before doing postoperative exercises.

Answer 20

b. I will have minimal pain because of the anesthesia.

Anesthesia will be provided during the procedure itself, and the patient should not experience pain during the procedure; however, this will not minimize the pain after surgery. Pain management is utilized after the postoperative phase. Inform the patient of interventions available for pain relief, including medication, relaxation, and distraction. The patient needs to know and understand how to take the medications that the health care provider will prescribe postoperatively. During the stay in the facility, the level of pain is frequently assessed by the nurses. Coordinating pain medication with postoperative exercises helps to minimize discomfort and allows the exercises to be more effective.

Question 21

The nurse is making a preoperative education appointment with a patient. The patient asks if a family member should come to the appointment. Which is the best response by the nurse?

a. There is no need for an additional person at the appointment.
b. Your family can come and wait with you in the waiting room.
c. We recommend including family members at this appointment.
d. It is required that you have a family member at this appointment.

Answer 21

c. We recommend including family members at this appointment.

Including family members in perioperative education is advisable. Often a family member is a coach for postoperative exercises when the patient returns from surgery. If anxious relatives do not understand routine postoperative events, it is likely that their anxiety will heighten the patient’s fears and concerns. Preoperative preparation of family members before surgery helps to minimize anxiety and misunderstanding. An additional person is needed at the appointment if at all possible, and he or she needs to be involved in the process, not just waiting in the waiting room; however, it is certainly not a requirement for actually completing the surgery that someone comes to this appointment.

Question 22

The nurse is reviewing the surgical consent with the patient during preoperative education and finds the patient does not understand what procedure will be performed. What is the nurse’s best next step?

a. Notify the health care provider about the patient’s question.
b. Explain the procedure that will be completed.
c. Continue with preoperative education.
d. Ask the patient to sign the form.

Answer 22

a. Notify the health care provider about the patient’s question.

Surgery cannot be legally or ethically performed until the patient fully understands the need for a procedure and all the implications. It is the surgeon’s responsibility to explain the procedure, associated risks, benefits, alternatives, and possible complications. It is important for the nurse to pause with preoperative education to notify the health care provider of the patient’s questions. It is not within the nurse’s scope to explain the procedure. The nurse can certainly reinforce what the health care provider has explained, but the information needs to come from the health care provider. It is not prudent to ask a patient to sign a form for a procedure that he/she does not understand.

Question 23

During preoperative assessment for a 7:30 AM (0730) surgery, the nurse finds the patient drank a cup of coffee this morning. The nurse reports this information to the anesthesia provider. Which action does the nurse anticipate next?

a. A delay in or cancellation of surgery
b. Questions regarding components of the coffee
c. Additional questions about why the patient had coffee
d. Instructions to determine what education was provided in the preoperative visit

Answer 23

a. A delay in or cancellation of surgery

The recommendations before nonemergent procedures requiring general and regional anesthesia or sedation/analgesia include fasting from intake of clear liquids for 2 or more hours. A delay in or cancellation of surgery will be in order for this case. Questions regarding components of the coffee, asking why, and evaluating the preoperative education may all be items to be addressed, especially from a performance improvement perspective, but at this time in caring for this patient, a delay or cancellation is in order to prevent aspiration.

Question 24

The nurse has administered a preoperative medication to the patient going to surgery. Which action will the nurse take next?

a. Notify the operating suite that the medication has been given.
b. Instruct the patient to call for help to go to the restroom.
c. Waste any unused medication according to policy.
d. Ask the patient to sign the consent for surgery.

Answer 24

b. Instruct the patient to call for help to go to the restroom.

Once a preoperative medication has been administered, instruct the patient to call for help when getting out of bed to prevent falls. For patient safety, explain the purpose of a preoperative medication and its effects. Notifying the operating suite that the medication has been given may be part of a facilities procedure but is not the best next step. It is important to have the patient sign consents before the patient has received medication that may make him/her drowsy. Wasting unused medication according to policy is important but is not the best next step.

Question 25

The nurse has completed a preoperative assessment for a patient going to surgery and gathers assessment data. Which will be the most important next step for the nurse to take?

a. Notify the operating suite that the patient has a latex allergy.
b. Document that the patient had a bath at home this morning.
c. Administer the ordered preoperative intravenous antibiotic.
d. Ask the nursing assistive personnel to obtain vital signs.

Answer 25

a. Notify the operating suite that the patient has a latex allergy.

The most important step is notifying the operating suite of the patient’s latex allergy. Many products that contain latex are used in the operating suite and the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). When preparing for a patient with this allergy, special considerations are required from preparation of the room to the types of tubes, gloves, drapes, and instruments utilized. Obtaining vital signs, documenting, and administering medications are all part of the process and should be done—with the latex allergy in mind. However, making sure that the patient has a safe environment is the first step.

Question 26

The nurse is preparing a patient for a surgical procedure on the right great toe. Which action will be most important to include in this patient’s preparation?

a. Place the patient in a clean surgical gown.
b. Ask the patient to remove all hairpins and cosmetics.
c. Ascertain that the surgical site has been correctly marked.
d. Determine where the family will be located during the procedure.

Answer 26

c. Ascertain that the surgical site has been correctly marked.

Because errors have occurred in the past with patients undergoing the wrong surgery on the wrong site, the universal protocol guidelines have been implemented and are used with all invasive procedures. Part of this protocol includes marking the operative site with indelible ink. Knowing where the family is during a procedure, placing the patient in a clean gown, and asking the patient to remove all hairpins and cosmetics are important but are not most important in this list of items.

Question 27

The circulating nurse is caring for a patient intraoperatively. Which primary role of the circulating nurse will be implemented?

a. Suturing the surgical incision in the OR suite
b. Managing patient care activities in the OR suite
c. Assisting with applying sterile drapes in the OR suite
d. Handing sterile instruments and supplies to the surgeon in the OR suite

Answer 27

b. Managing patient care activities in the OR suite

The circulating nurse is an RN who remains unscrubbed and uses the nursing process in the management of patient care activities in the OR suite. The circulating nurse also manages patient positioning, antimicrobial skin preparation, medications, implants, placement, and function of intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) devices, specimens, warming devices and surgical counts of instruments, and dressings. The RN first assistant collaborates with the surgeon by handling and cutting tissue, using instruments and medical devices, providing exposure of the surgical area and hemostasis, and suturing. The scrub nurse, who can be a registered nurse, a licensed practical nurse, or a surgical technologist, maintains the sterile field, assists with applying the sterile drapes, and hands sterile instruments and supplies to the surgeon.

Question 28

The nurse is caring for a patient in the preoperative holding area of an ambulatory surgery center. Which nursing action will be most appropriate for this area?

a. Counting the sterile surgical instruments
b. Emptying the urinary drainage bag
c. Checking the surgical dressing d. Appling a warm blanket

Answer 28

d. Appling a warm blanket

The temperature in the preoperative holding area and in adjacent operating suites is usually cold. Offer the patient an extra warm blanket. Counts are taken by the circulating and scrub nurses in the operating room. Emptying a urinary drainage bag and checking the surgical dressing occur in the post-anesthesia care unit, not in the holding area.

Question 29

The nurse is caring for a patient in the operating suite. Which outcome will be most appropriate for this patient at the end of the intraoperative phase?

a. The patient will be free of burns at the grounding pad.
b. The patient will be free of nausea and vomiting.
c. The patient will be free of infection.
d. The patient will be free of pain.

Answer 29

a. The patient will be free of burns at the grounding pad.

A primary focus of intraoperative care is to prevent injury and complications related to anesthesia, surgery, positioning, and equipment use, including use of the electrical cautery grounding pad for the prevention of burns. The perioperative nurse is an advocate for the patient during surgery and protects the patient’s dignity and rights at all times. Signs and symptoms of infection do not have the time to present during the intraoperative phase. During the intraoperative phase, the patient is anesthetized and unconscious and typically has an endotracheal tube that prevents conversation. Nausea, vomiting, and pain typically begin in the postoperative phase of the experience.

Question 30

The nurse is concerned about the skin integrity of the patient in the intraoperative phase of surgery. Which action will the nurse take to minimize skin breakdown?

a. Encouraging the patient to bathe before surgery
b. Securing attachments to the operating table with foam padding
c. Periodically adjusting the patient during the surgical procedure
d. Measuring the time, a patient is in one position during surgery

Answer 30

b. Securing attachments to the operating table with foam padding

Although it may be necessary to place a patient in an unusual position, try to maintain correct alignment and protect the patient from pressure, abrasion, and other injuries. Special mattresses, use of foam padding, and attachments to the operating suite table provide protection for the extremities and bony prominences. Bathing before surgery helps to decrease the number of microbes on the skin. Periodically adjusting the patient during the surgical procedure is impractical and can present a safety issue with regard to maintaining sterility of the field and maintaining an airway. Measuring the time, the patient is in one position may help with monitoring the situation but does not prevent skin breakdown.

Question 31

The nurse is assessing a postoperative patient with a history of obstructive sleep apnea for airway obstruction. Which assessment finding will best alert the nurse to this complication?

a. Drop in pulse oximetry readings
b. Moaning with reports of pain
c. Shallow respirations
d. Disorientation

Answer 31

a. Drop in pulse oximetry readings

One of the greatest concerns after general anesthesia is airway obstruction, especially in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. A drop-in oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry is a sign of airway obstruction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Weak pharyngeal/laryngeal muscle tone from anesthetics; secretions in the pharynx, bronchial tree, or trachea; and laryngeal or subglottic edema also contribute to airway obstruction. In the postanesthetic patient, the tongue is a major cause of airway obstruction. Shallow respirations are indicative of respiratory depression. Moaning and reports of pain are common in all surgical patients and are an expected event. Disorientation is common when first awakening from anesthesia but can be a sign of hypoxia.

Question 32

The nurse is caring for a patient in the operating suite who is experiencing hypercarbia, tachypnea, tachycardia, premature ventricular contractions, and muscle rigidity. Which condition does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?

a. Malignant hyperthermia
b. Fluid imbalance
c. Hemorrhage
d. Hypoxia

Answer 32

a. Malignant hyperthermia

A life-threatening, rare complication of anesthesia is malignant hyperthermia. Malignant hyperthermia causes hypercarbia, tachycardia, tachypnea, premature ventricular contractions, unstable blood pressure, cyanosis, skin mottling, and muscular rigidity. It often occurs during anesthesia induction. Hypoxia would manifest with decreased oxygen saturation as one of its signs and symptoms. Fluid imbalance would be assessed with intake and output and can manifest with tachycardia and blood pressure fluctuations but does not have muscle rigidity. Hemorrhage can manifest with tachycardia and decreased blood pressure, along with a thready pulse. Usually some sign or symptom of blood loss is noted (e.g., drains, incision, orifice, and abdomen).

Question 33

The nurse is caring for a postoperative patient who has had a minimally invasive carpel tunnel repair. The patient has a temperature of 97F and is shivering. Which reason will the nurse most likely consider as the primary cause when planning care?

a. Anesthesia lowers metabolism.
b. Surgical suites have air currents.
c. The patient is dressed only in a gown.
d. The large open body cavity contributed to heat loss.

Answer 33

a. Anesthesia lowers metabolism.

The operating suite and recovery room environments are extremely cool. The patient’s anesthetically depressed level of body function results in lowering of metabolism and a fall in body temperature. Although the patient is dressed in a gown and there are air currents in the operating room, these are not the primary reasons for the low temperature. Also, the patient in this type of case does not have a large open body cavity to contribute to heat loss.

Question 34

The nurse is monitoring a patient in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) for postoperative fluid and electrolyte imbalance. Which action will be most appropriate for the nurse to take?

a. Encourage copious amounts of water.
b. Start an additional intravenous (IV) line.
c. Measure and record all intake and output.
d. Weigh the patient and compare with preoperative weight.

Answer 34

c. Measure and record all intake and output.

Accurate recording of intake and output assesses renal and circulatory function. Measure and record all sources of intake and output. Encouraging copious amounts of water in a postoperative patient might encourage nausea and vomiting. In the PACU, it is impractical to weigh the patient while waking from surgery, but in the days afterward, it is a good assessment parameter for fluid imbalance. Starting an additional IV is not necessary and is not important at this juncture.

Question 35

The nurse is caring for a patient in the post-anesthesia care unit. The patient asks for a bedpan and states to the nurse, ―I feel like I need to go to the bathroom, but I can’t.‖ Which nursing intervention will be most appropriate initially?

a. Assess the patient for bladder distention.
b. Encourage the patient to wait a minute and try again.
c. Inform the patient that everyone feels this way after surgery.
d. Call the health care provider to obtain an order for catheterization.

Answer 35

a. Assess the patient for bladder distention.

Depending on the surgery, some patients do not regain voluntary control over urinary function for 6 to 8 hours after anesthesia. Palpate the lower abdomen just above the symphysis pubis for bladder distention. Another option is to use a bladder scan or ultrasound to assess bladder volume. The nurse must assess before deciding if the patient can try again. Not everyone feels as if they need to go but can’t after surgery. Calling the health care provider is not the initial best action. The nurse needs to have data before calling the provider.

Question 36

The post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) nurse transports the inpatient surgical patient to the medical-surgical floor. Before leaving the floor, the medical-surgical nurse obtains a complete set of vital signs. What is the rationale for this nursing action?

a. This is done to complete the first action in a head-to-toe assessment.
b. This is done to compare and monitor for vital sign variation during transport.
c. This is done to ensure that the medical-surgical nurse checks on the postoperative patient.
d. This is done to follow hospital policy and procedure for care of the surgical patient.

Answer 36

b. This is done to compare and monitor for vital sign variation during transport.

Before the PACU nurse leaves the acute care area, the staff nurse assuming care for the patient takes a complete set of vital signs to compare with PACU findings. Minor vital sign variations normally occur after transporting the patient. The PACU nurse reviews the patient’s information with the medical-surgical nurse, including the surgical and PACU course, physician orders, and the patient’s condition. While vital signs may or may not be the first action in a head-to-toe assessment, this is not the rationale for this situation. While following policy or ascertaining that the floor nurse checks on the patient are good reasons for safe care, they are not the best rationale for obtaining vital signs.

Question 37

The nurse is caring for a patient who will undergo a removal of a lung lobe. Which level of care will the patient require immediately post procedure?

a. Acute care—medical-surgical unit
b. Acute care—intensive care unit
c. Ambulatory surgery
d. Ambulatory surgery—extended stay

Answer 37

b. Acute care—intensive care unit

Patients undergoing extensive surgery and requiring anesthesia of long duration recover slowly. If a patient is undergoing major surgery such as a procedure on the lung, a stay in the hospital and specifically in the intensive care unit is required to monitor for potential risks to well-being. This patient would require more care than can be provided ona medical-surgical unit. It is not appropriate for this type of patient to go home after the procedure or to stay in an extended stay area of an ambulatory surgery area because of the complexity and associated risks.

Question 38

The nurse is caring for a group of patients. Which patient will the nurse see first?

a. A patient who had cataract surgery is coughing.
b. A patient who had vascular repair of the right leg is not doing right leg exercises.
c. A patient after knee surgery is wearing intermittent pneumatic compression devices and receiving heparin.
d. patient after surgery has vital signs taken every 15 minutes twice, every30 minutes twice, hourly for 2 hours then every 4 hours.

Answer 38

a. A patient who had cataract surgery is coughing.

For patients who have had eye, intracranial, or spinal surgery, coughing may be contraindicated because of the potential increase in intraocular or intracranial pressure. The nurse will need to see this patient first to control the cough and intraocular pressure. All the rest are normal postoperative patients. Leg exercise should not be performed on the operative leg with vascular surgery. A patient after knee surgery should receive heparin and be wearing intermittent pneumatic compression devices; while the nurse will check on the patient, it does not have to be first. Monitoring vital signs after surgery is required and this is the standard schedule.

Question 39

The nurse demonstrates postoperative exercises for a patient. In which order will the nurse instruct the patient to perform the exercises?
1.Turning
2.Breathing
3.Coughing
4.Leg exercises

a. 4, 1, 2, 3
b. 1, 2, 3, 4
c. 2, 3, 4, 1
d. 3, 1, 4, 2

Answer 39

a. 4, 1, 2, 3

The sequence of exercises is leg exercises, turning, breathing, and coughing.

Question 40

The nurse is participating in a ―time-out.‖ In which activities will the nurse be involved? (Select all that apply.)

a. Verify the correct site.
b. Verify the correct patient.
c. Verify the correct procedure.
d. Perform ―time-out‖ after surgery.
e. Perform the actual marking of the operative site.

Answer 40

a. Verify the correct site.
b. Verify the correct patient.
c. Verify the correct procedure.

A time-out is performed just before starting the procedure for final verification of the correct patient, procedure, site, and any implants. The marking and time-out most commonly occur in the holding area, just before the patient enters the OR. The individual performing surgery and who is accountable for it must personally mark the site, and the patient must be involved if possible.

Question 41

The nurse is using a forced air warmer for a surgical patient preoperatively. Which goals is the nurse trying to achieve? (Select all that apply.)

a. Induce shivering.
b. Reduce blood loss.
c. Induce pressure ulcers.
d. Reduce cardiac arrests.
e. Reduce surgical site infection.

Answer 41

b. Reduce blood loss.
d. Reduce cardiac arrests.
e. Reduce surgical site infection.

Evidence suggests that pre-warming for a minimum of 30 minutes may reduce the occurrence of hypothermia. Prevention of hypothermia (core temperature <36C) helps to reduce complications such as shivering, cardiac arrest, blood loss, surgical site infection (SSI), pressure ulcers, and mortality.

Question 42

The nurse is caring for a postoperative patient with an incision. Which actions will the nurse take to decrease wound infections? (Select all that apply.)

a. Maintain normoglycemia.
b. Use a straight razor to remove hair.
c. Provide bath and linen change daily.
d. Perform first dressing change 2 days postoperatively.
e. Perform hand hygiene before and after contact with the patient.
f. Administer antibiotics within 60 minutes before surgical incision.

Answer 42

a. Maintain normoglycemia.
e. Perform hand hygiene before and after contact with the patient.

Performing hand hygiene before and after contact with the patient helps to decrease the number of microorganisms and break the chain of infection. Maintaining blood glucose levels at less than 150 mg/dL has resulted in decreased wound infection. Removing unwanted hair by clipping instead of shaving decreases the numbers of nicks and cuts caused by a razor and the potential for the introduction of microbes. The patient is postoperative; administration of an antibiotic 60 minutes before the surgical incision supports the defense against infection preoperatively. Providing a bath and linen change daily is positive but is not necessarily important for infection control. Many surgeons prefer to change surgical dressings the first time so they can inspect the incisional area, but this is done before 2 days postoperatively.

Question 43

The nurse is preparing for a patient who will be going to surgery. The nurse screens for risk factors that can increase a person’s risks in surgery. What risk factors are included in the nurse’s screening? (Select all that apply.)

a. Age
b. Race
c. Obesity
d. Nutrition
e. Pregnancy
f. Ambulatory surgery

Answer 43

a. Age
c. Obesity
d. Nutrition
e. Pregnancy

Very young and old patients are at risk during surgery because of immature or declining physiological status. Normal tissue repair and resistance to infection depend on adequate nutrients. Obesity increases surgical risk by reducing respiratory and cardiac function. During pregnancy, the concern is for the mother and the developing fetus. Because all major systems of the mother are affected during pregnancy, risks for operative complications are increased. Race and ambulatory surgery are not risks associated with a surgical procedure.

Question 44

The nurse is providing preoperative education and reviews with the patient what it will be like to be in the surgical environment. Which points should the nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.)

a. The operative suite will be very dark.
b. The family is not allowed in the operating suite.
c. The operating table or bed will be comfortable and soft.
d. The nurses will be there to assist you through this process.
e. The surgical staff will be dressed in special clothing with hats and masks.

Answer 44

b. The family is not allowed in the operating suite
d. The nurses will be there to assist you through this process.
e. The surgical staff will be dressed in special clothing with hats and masks.

The surgical staff is dressed in special clothing, hats, and masks—all for infection control. Families are not allowed in the operating suite for several reasons, which include infection control and sterility. The nurse is there as the coordinator and patient advocate during a surgical procedure. The rooms are very bright, so everyone can see, and the operating table is very uncomfortable for the patient.

Question 45

The operating room nurse is providing a hand-off report to the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) nurse. Which components will the operating room nurse include? (Select all that apply.)

a. IV fluids
b. Vital signs
c. Insurance data
d. Family location
e. Anesthesia provided
f. Estimated blood loss

Answer 45

a. IV fluids
b. Vital signs
e. Anesthesia provided
f. Estimated blood loss

The surgical teams report will include topics such as the type of anesthesia provided, vital sign trends, intraoperative medications, IV fluids, estimated blood and urine loss, and pertinent information about the surgical wound (e.g., dressings, tubes, drains). When the patient enters the PACU, the nurse and members of the surgical team discuss his or her status. A standardized approach or tool for hand-off communications assists in providing accurate information about a patient’s care, treatment and services, current condition, and any recent or anticipated changes. The hand-off is interactive, multidisciplinary, and done at the patient’s bedside, allowing for a communication exchange that gives caregivers the chance to dialogue and ask questions. Insurance data and family location are unnecessary.

Question 46

The nurse is caring for a group of postoperative patients on the surgical unit. Which patient assessments indicate the nurse needs to follow up? (Select all that apply.)

a. Patient with abdominal surgery has patent airway.
b. Patient with knee surgery has approximated incision.
c. Patient with femoral artery surgery has strong pedal pulse.
d. Patient with lung surgery has 20 mL/hr of urine output via catheter.
e. Patient with bladder surgery has bloody urine within the first 12 hours.
f. Patient with appendix surgery has thready pulse and blood pressure is 90/60.

Answer 46

d. Patient with lung surgery has 20 mL/hr of urine output via catheter.
f. Patient with appendix surgery has thready pulse and blood pressure is 90/60.

Thready pulse, low blood pressure, and urine output of 20 mL/hr need to have follow-upby the nurse. Hemorrhage results in a fall in blood pressure; elevated heart and respiratory rates; thready pulse; cool, clammy, pale skin; and restlessness. Notify the surgeon if these changes occur. If the patient has a urinary catheter, there should be a continuous flow of urine of approximately 30 to 50 mL/hr in adults; this patient requires follow-up since the output is 20 mL/hr. All the rest are normal findings. A patent airway, a strong distal pulse, and approximated incision are all normal findings. Surgery involving portions of the urinary tract normally causes bloody urine for at least 12 to 24 hours, depending on the type of surgery.