Chapter 50. Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption Flashcards
What is a heterotroph?
Organisms that cannot synthesize their own food and rely on consuming other animals and plants to acquire organic molecules.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
What is an autotroph?
An organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
What are vitamins?
Vitamins are organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by the animal and have to be obtained from its diet. Vitamins are essential for healthy cell function.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
What do vitamins, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids have in common?
They are organic compounds that have to be obtained from the diet.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the two storage molecules of energy in an animal body
- Glycogen
- Fat
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
What three molecules can provide energy to the animal
- Carbohydrates
- Fats
- Glycogen
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
Herbivores get their energy _______ from autotrophs.
directly/indirectly
directly
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
carnivores get their energy _______ from autotrophs.
directly/indirectly
indirectly
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
What is the definition of a calorie (c)?
A calorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C. 1 calorie is equal to 4.184 joules (J)
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
How many calories are in a kilocalorie?
1000
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
What is a kilocalorie equivalent to?
It is equivalent to 1 Calorie (C).
Calorie (C) and calorie (c) are two different things because a Calorie is equal to 1 kilocalorie whereas a calorie is equal to 1000 kilocalories.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
What are the three laws of thermodynamics?
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another.
- The entropy of an isolated system always increases.
- The entropy of a perfect crystal at 0K (absolute zero) is 0.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
Is an energy conversion from one form to another 100% efficient?
No
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
What is meant by Basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
It is an estimate of how many calories an individual would burn if the individual was doing nothing but resting for 24 hours. It is the minimum amount of energy your body needs to keep you alive like maintaining heart rate, breathing etc.
The BMR of woman is roughly 1300-1500 and for men it is 1600-1800
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
How many calories are there in a joule
0.239 calories
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
What is the formula for calculating power?
P=e/t
Where P is power in watts, e is energy in joules and t is time in seconds.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
What is glycogen?
Glycogen is a polymer made up of glucose monomers. Carbohydrates such as glucose are stored in the liver and muscle cells as glycogen.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
The glycogen stored represents only about a _______ energy requirement
day’s
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
Which is the most important storage molecule out of fat and glycogen and explain why?
Fat is the most important storage molecule. This is because fat has more energy per gram than glycogen and also has less water associated with it so it’s less expensive to carry.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
Proteins are/are not storage compounds but can/can not be broken down to provide energy to the individual
are not; can
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
Which kinds of proteins are the first to be used by the body for energy during a period of starvation?
Proteins in the blood plasma
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
What is blood plasma?
It’s the yellowish liquid component of blood that suspends the cells of your blood such as erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets).
- 1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
https: //www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02316
Describe the steps in a period of starvation
- In the first 6 hours, the body breaks down glycogen reserves into its glucose monomers to fuel the body’s cells
- After 6 hours breaking down glycogen into glucose and using glucose as fuel for its cells halts when the body runs out of glycogen. This can make people feel “hangry” - hungry and angry. The body has now entered the ketosis stage that typically lasts for 6-72 hours.
- In the ketosis stage, the body now breaks down its fat reserves into fatty acids. The brain cannot use the fatty acids produced because fatty acids are too large to pass the blood-brain barrier. To solve this problem fatty acids are broken down into ketone bodies which can pass through the blood-brain barrier. The ketones are less effective at delivering the brains energy demands then glucose so the individual will suffer from cognitive impairment.
- After 72 hours the body will start to break down its own proteins. The proteins get broken down into amino acids and those amino acids get broken down into glucose. Continued breakdown of proteins damages organs eventually killing the individual.
- 1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
https: //youtu.be/0diS49kvWWE
Describe how Kwashiorkor is caused in humans
Through chronic protein deficiency due to extreme malnutrition.
Describe how the “pot belly” symptom of Kwashiorkor (quwash-shore-core) is caused in humans.
- Blood plasma from the arteriole side of a capillary bed carries glucose, respiratory gases, plasma proteins, ions and amino acids moves into the capillaries.
- All of the blood plasma as well as it’s composition (glucose, respiratory gases, plasma proteins, ions and amino acids) and very little of the plasma proteins squeezes through the thin walls of the capillaries by pressure filtration.
- The blood plasma that is now found between the cells, capillaries and lymphatic vessels is now called tissue fluid. Tissue fluid has no or very little plasma proteins. The glucose, respiratory gases, ions and amino acids diffuse into the cells and the waste of the cell like CO2 diffuse into the tissue fluid.
- Normally the tissue fluid moves back into the venule side of the bloodstream by osmosis since there is a higher concentration of plasma proteins in the bloodstream compared to the tissue fluid thus the bloodstream has a higher solute concentration (recall that in osmosis, water moves to areas of low solute concentration to areas of high concentration).
However, in Kwashiorkor which is a malnutrition disease, the victim lacks plasma proteins in their bloodstream (recall that plasma proteins are the first to be broken down for energy in a period of starvation). Therefore the plasma protein (solute concentration) in the tissue fluid and bloodstream are very similar and there is no osmotic gradient for the tissue fluid to move back into the bloodstream. As a consequence, the space between the cells, capillaries and lymphatic accumulates more and more tissue fluid from the arteriole side of the capillary bed causing tissue to swell up (edema). This swelling causes the “pot belly” sympton. A classic symptom of Kwashiorkor.
Information came from: https://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/er/SNHBiologyWebsite/files/2015/01/CfE-Textbook.pdf
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Explain what happens to the excess nutrients during overnutrition
The excess nutrients are used first to increase glycogen reserves and then secondly any fats, proteins and carbohydrates get converted into body fat.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
When might overnutrition be beneficial to an organism? When might it be harmful to an organism?
It is beneficial for organisms who hibernate to eat as much as they can before their hibernation period. Overnutrition is not good for humans. It can lead to high blood pressure, diabetes, heart attacks and other conditions.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
How can animals form the carbon skeletons of compounds such as amino acids, steroid hormones, citric acid, heme, fatty acids and other compounds using acetyl groups if they cannot synthesize acetyl groups on their own?
Animals can consume food that contains acetyl groups. Luckily acetyl groups are found in almost every kind of food.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
What is the name given to amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the animal and must be obtained from its diet?
essential amino acids
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
Name the eight essential amino acids according to the life book 11th edition
- Isoleucine
- Leucine
- Lysine
- Methionine
- Phenylalanine
- Threonine
- Tryptophan
- Valine
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Why can’t proteins obtained from food not just be used as they are?
There are three reasons for this outlined in the life book 11th edition.
- Proteins are macromolecules that are too big for the cells of the digestive system to absorb but the protein’s amino acids are small enough to be absorbed.
- A protein from one species may not be the same protein to the analogous protein in humans.
- Foreign proteins are attacked by the immune system.
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Which kinds of foods can supply humans with all eight essential amino acids?
- Eggs
- Meat
- Milk
- Soybean products
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Why could a strict vegetarian diet carry a risk of protein malnutrition for the vegetarian?
This is because most plants foods do not contain all eight essential amino acids.
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Explain what is meant by a complementary diet.
A complementary diet is one where different kinds of food are eaten together to obtain all essential nutrients.
Nutrients - Nutrients are molecules in food that all organisms need to make energy, grow, develop, and reproduce. Examples of nutrients include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water and oxygen (I thought I would provide a definition of nutrients because I hear the word nutrients getting thrown around a lot).
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the four additional essential amino acids children need to obtain.
- Histidine
- Tyrosine
- Cysteine
- Arginine
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Name a condition that makes an amino acid essential where is it normally not essential because it can be made in the body.
Phenylketonuria (Fennel-ketone-you-ree-a) also known as PKU
Individuals affected by this disorder lack the enzyme that converts phenylalanine (an amino acid) to tyrosine (another amino acid). This means the affected individual must get tyrosine from their diet and must not let phenylalanine accumulate in the body because it is toxic at high levels.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
FYI: PKU is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the PAH gene that codes for phenylalanine hydroxylase - the enzyme that generates tyrosine from phenylalanine.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase
What is meant by a conditionally non-essential amino acid and a non-essential amino acid?
Non-essential amino acid - An amino acid that the body can synthesize on its own and does not need to be acquired from the diet.
Conditionally non-essential amino acid - an amino acid that is not normally essential but becomes essential in times of growth, pregnancy, and sickness. Example - tyrosine in individuals with PKU.
Reminder - Essential amino acids are amino acids that the body cannot make on its own and must get from food.
Information from: http://fitnessprollc.blogspot.co.uk/2016/02/protein-what-why-and-how-one-of-7.html
Name the two essential fatty acids
Linoleic acid (lin-no-lee-ic) and alpha-linolenic acid (lin-no-len-nick)
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Which food can we consume to obtain the two essential fatty acids?
Vegetable oil
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
What are nutrients? What are the 7 nutrients that we need to prevent disease and maintain good health?
Nutrients are components in food that organisms use to survive and grow.
The 7 nutrients are:
- carbohydrates.
- proteins.
- fats.
- minerals.
- vitamins.
- fibre.
- water.
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Information from: http://fitnessprollc.blogspot.co.uk/2016/02/protein-what-why-and-how-one-of-7.html
Name the macronutrient mineral elements
- Calcium
- Chlorine
- Magnesium
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
- Sodium
- Sulphur
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the food sources of Calcium and describe its function in the human body
Calcium is found in dairy foods, eggs, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts and meat.
The body uses calcium for blood clotting, nerve and muscle action and activating enzymes. Calcium is found in bones and teeth.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the food sources of Chlorine and describe its function in the human body
Chlorine can be obtained from table salt (NaCl), meat, eggs, vegetables and dairy foods.
Chlorine helps aid digestion in the form of hydrogen chloride (HCl), it helps balance water and it is the main negative ion in the extracellular fluid (body fluid outside of the cell).
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the food sources of Phosphorus and describe its function in the human body
Phosphorus can be acquired from eating dairy, eggs, meat, whole grains, legumes and nuts.
Atom found in nucleic acids, ATP and phospholipids. Phosphorus is used in bone formation, buffers and to metabolise sugars.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the food sources of Potassium and describe its function in the human body
Potassium is found in meats, whole grains, fruits and vegetables.
Potassium is the main ion found in cells (think sodium-potassium pump). Its used in protein synthesis and nerve and muscle action.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the food sources of Sodium and describe its function in the human body
Table salt (NaCl), dairy foods, meat and eggs.
Sodium is another main ion found in the extracellular fluid of cells (think sodium-potassium pump), it helps with water balance and is an important ion in muscle and nerve action.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the food sources of Sulphur and describe its function in the human body
Sulphur is found in dairy foods, meat, nuts, legumes and eggs.
Sulphur can detoxify harmful substances and is found in coenzymes (a non-protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme) and proteins.
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Name the micronutrients
- Chromium
- Cobalt
- Copper
- Fluroine
- Iodine
- Iron
- Maganese
- Molybdenum
- Selenium
- Zinc
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the food sources of Chromium and describe its function in the human body
Chromium is found in meat, dairy, whole grains, legumes and yeast.
Chromium is used by the body to aid glucose metabolism.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the food sources of Cobalt and describe its function in the human body
The food sources of cobalt are meat and tap water and any item of food that contains vitamin B12. Look up vitamin B12 structure.
Cobalt is useful in creating new red blood cells.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the food sources of Copper and describe its function in the human body
Copper can be obtained in the diet from the liver, meat, fish, shellfish, legumes, whole grains and nuts.
Copper is found in the active site of many redox enzymes (These are enzymes that are involved in catalysing redox reactions. They may add oxygen to a substance or remove oxygen from a substance) and electron carriers (a substance that can accept electron(s) and then donate the electron(s) to some other substance such as NAD+ (oxidised form) and NADH (reduced form) see http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/closer2.html for more information on electron carriers).
Copper is also essential in the formation of haemoglobin and bone.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the food sources of Fluorine and describe its function in the human body
It’s found in most water supplies
Fluorine helps to protect teeth from decay.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the food sources of Iodine and describe its function in the human body
Iodine is found in fish, shellfish and iodized salt (iodized salt is a form of table salt with added Iodine to prevent a disease called Goiter caused by Iodine deficiency. Goiter causes swelling of the thyroid gland because of a lack of iodine)
Iodine is found in thyroid hormones such as thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the food sources of Iron and describe its function in the human body
Iron can be obtained by eating liver, meat, green vegetables, eggs, whole grains, legumes and nuts.
Iron is found in many redox enzymes, electron carriers, haemoglobin and myoglobin.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the food sources of Manganese and describe its function in the human body
Manganese is found in organ meats, whole grains, legumes, nuts, tea and coffee.
Manganese activates many enzymes
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State the food sources of Molybdenum and describe its function in the human body
Molybdenum’s food sources are organ meats, dairy, whole grains, green vegetables and legumes.
Molybdenum is found in many enzymes.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the food sources of Selenium and describe its function in the human body
Found in meat, seafood, whole grains, eggs, milk and garlic
Selenium is used in the process of fat metabolism.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the food sources of Zinc and describe its function in the human body
Zinc is found in liver, fish, shellfish, and many other foods
Found in some enzymes and some transcription factors; insulin physiology.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
What role does Iron play in haemoglobin and myoglobin?
It is the atom that bonds oxygen to haemoglobin (American spelling: hemoglobin) and myoglobin.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
Search website on the back of this flashcard for Interactive quiz on micro and macronutrients.
http://www.life11e.com/activity5001.htm
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
What disease can develop through a lack of vitamin C consumption.
Scurvy. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) means “without scurvy”.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
Describe the history of scurvy
A Scottish physician named James Lind discovered that scurvy could be cured by eating lots of citrus fruits. Before that death by scurvy was the fate of many British sailors on long journies. James Lind’s discovery made limes compulsory in ships and so British sailors were given the name “limeys”.
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
James Lind Pictured Below
What two groups can vitamins be divided in to?
Fat-soluble (also can be called lipid-soluble) and water-soluble
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
See Ted ed video on vitamins if you like: https://youtu.be/ISZLTJH5lYg
Picture is from Ted ed video (https://youtu.be/ISZLTJH5lYg)
Name the water-soluble vitamins
- Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)
- Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
- Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
- Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)
- Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
- Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
- Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)
- Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
- Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
Name the fat-soluble vitamins
- Vitamin A (Retinol)
- Vitamin D (Calciferol)
- Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
- Vitamin K (Menadione)
Remember: KADE
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the source, function and the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B1 (thiamin)
- Source - Liver, legumes and whole grains
- Function - It is a coenzyme in cellular respiration
- Deficiency symptoms - Beriberi, loss of appetite, fatigue
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the source, function and the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
- Source - Dairy, meat, eggs, green leafy vegetables
- Function - Is a coenzyme in FAD
- Deficiency symptoms - Lesions in corners of mouth, eye irritation, skin disorders
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the source, function and the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B3 (niacin)
- Source - Meat, fowl, liver, yeast
- Function - Its a coenzyme in NAD and NADP
- Deficiency symptoms - Pellagra, skin disorders, diarrhoea, mental disorders
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State the source, function and the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
- Source - Liver, eggs, yeast
- Function - Vitamin B5 is found in Acetyl coenzyme A
- Deficiency symptoms - Adrenal problems, reproductive problems
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State the source, function and the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
- Source - Liver, whole grains, dairy foods
- Function - Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism
- Deficiency symptoms - Anemia, slow growth, skin problems, convulsions
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State the source, function and the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B7 (biotin)
- Source - Liver, yeast, bacteria in gut
- Function - Found in coenzymes
- Deficiency symptoms - Skin problems, loss of hair
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the source, function and the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B9 (Folic acid) https://www.nhs.uk/chq/pages/913.aspx?categoryid=54
- Source - Vegetables, eggs, liver, whole grains
- Function - Coenzyme in the formation of heme and nucleotides
- Deficiency symptoms - Anemia
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State the source, function and the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
- Source - Liver, meat, dairy foods, eggs
- Function - Formation of nucleic acids, proteins, red blood cells
- Deficiency symptoms - Pernicious anaemia
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the source, function and the deficiency symptoms of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
- Source - Citrus fruits, tomatoes, potatoes
- Function - Formation of connective tissues; antioxidant
- Deficiency symptoms - Scurvy, slow healing, poor bone growth
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the source, function and the deficiency symptoms of vitamin A (retinol)
- Source - Fruits, vegetables, liver, dairy
- Function - Found in visual pigments
- Deficiency symptoms - Night blindness
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State the source, function and the deficiency symptoms of vitamin D (calciferol)
- Source - Fortified milk, fish oils, sunshine
- Function - Absorption of calcium and phosphate
- Deficiency symptoms - Rickets
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the source, function and the deficiency symptoms of vitamin E (tocopherol)
- Source - Meat, dairy foods, whole grains
- Function - Muscle maintenance, antioxidant
- Deficiency symptoms - Anemia
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
State the source, function and the deficiency symptoms of vitamin K (menadione)
- Source - Intestinal bacteria, liver
- Function - Blood clotting
- Deficiency symptoms - Blood clotting problems
50.1 Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials for Biosynthesis
Name the structures of a vertebrate tooth shown below:
Answers:
- 2 Diverse Adaptations Support Ingestion and Digestion of Food
http: //www.life11e.com/activity5003.html
