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Human Evolutionary Genetics > Chapter 5 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Population Genetics

A

The study of evolutionary processes by modeling/testing how allele frequencies within a population change over time

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2
Q

Microevolution

A

a change in allele frequency in a population over generations

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3
Q

Macroevolution

A

broad pattern of evolution. The bridge mechanism of by new species originate from exsiting ones

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4
Q

Population

A

group of individuals within a enviroment of the same species or geneotypes

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5
Q

Hardy-Weinburg Equlibrium

A

The relationship between allele and genotype frequency in a population

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6
Q

Infinite alleles model

A

Each new mutation generates a new allele

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7
Q

Stepwise mutation model

A

(Microsatellites) mutations increase and decrease allele length by one unit with equal probability

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8
Q

Sequence divergence

A

The number of changes that distinguish two or more homologous DNA or protein sequences

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9
Q

Jukes-Cantor Model

A

The simplest model of sequence evolution. Assumes the same probability of base substitutions for each transition and transvertions

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10
Q

General Reversible Model

A

The most complex model of sequence evolution. This model takes in the account of base composition of DNA sequence. Puts values on all transition and transversion

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11
Q

Base Composition

A

The proportion of the 4 bases in a given DNA sequence. GC content

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12
Q

Hitchhiking

A

the increase of a neutral allele as a result of positive selection for a linked allele

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13
Q

Genetic Drift

A

the fluctuation of alleles in a finite population due to chance events

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14
Q

Wright-Fisher Model

A

Describes genetic drift in a finite population with the assumptions of HWE.

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15
Q

Effective population size (Ne)

A

the number of people in idealized Wright-Fisher population that experience the same amount of genetic drift

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16
Q

Census Size

A

Direct representation of a population

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17
Q

Fixation

A

An one allele is positivitlely selected for within a population and other alleles eventually become extinct

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18
Q

Founder effect

A

Genetic drift that shows a subpopulation moving to a new enviroment and becoming a seperate population of their own

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19
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A chance event that randomly selects allleles while others become extinct

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20
Q

Fecundity

A

then number of offspring

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21
Q

Subpopulation

A

A randomly mating population that exchange migrants with other populations to form a metapopulation

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22
Q

Metapopulation

A

A group of populations connected through migration

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23
Q

Genetic Differentiation

A

the procees where the genetic composition of two or more populations isolated from one another diverges over time

24
Q

Population Structure

A

The absence of random mating within a population. This will ultimately leading to being a metapopulation composed of subpopulations

25
Q

Fixation Indicies

A

quotients used to analyze the departure of genotype frequencies from HWE

26
Q

Assortative Mating

A

Like chooses like

27
Q

Disassortative mating

A

increase heterozygotes and are chosen based on dissimiliarities

28
Q

Outbreeding

A

reproduction involving distantly related parents

29
Q

Inbreeding

A

reproduction involving genetically closely related parental types

30
Q

Coefficient of kinship

A

probability of 2 alleles from 2 different alleles are related

31
Q

Coefficient of relatedness

A

probabilting of randomly picking alleles that are related by common descent

32
Q

Outbreeding depression

A

A reduction of fitness of offspring resulting from the mating of genetically different parents

33
Q

Meiotic Drive

A

A process causing one type gamete to be over or under represented in the gametes formed.

34
Q

Fitness

A

the ability to survive and produce viable offspring

35
Q

Selection coefficient (s)

A

A quotient used to to compare the fitness of different genotypes

36
Q

Negative Selection/ Purifying

A

Removing an allele from a population through natural selection

37
Q

Positive Selection/ Diversifying

A

increase an allele in a population that increases fitness of an organism

38
Q

Heterozygote advantage/overdominant selection

A

individuals in the mean benefit the most over the individuals in the extreme (heterozygotes)

39
Q

Balanced polymorphism

A

Same amount of polymorphisms coming in and out of a population equally

40
Q

Underdominant Selection

A

individuals in the extremes have a higher fitness than the individuals near the mean (homozygotes)

41
Q

Frequency-dependent selection

A

Fitness of the genotype depends on the frequency in a population

42
Q

Mate Choice

A

More abundant sex has choice for mates, and selects for desired traits

43
Q

n-island model

A

describes migration. Shows the movement from one occupied are to another. All migration lengths are the same

44
Q

Stepping stone model

A

builds on the n-island model by taking into account geographical distance to be a factor of migration

45
Q

Isolation by distance models

A

A decrease of population similarity with geographical distance as a result of mating distances

46
Q

Kin-structured migration

A

When migrating individuals are not a random sample from a source of population but are members of the same family

47
Q

Mutation Drift Balance/Equlibrium

A

the number of mutations entering is balenced by the number of varients lost thru genetic drift

48
Q

Population mutation parameter

A

The probability of 2 copies of the same nucleotide drawn at random from aset of sequences will be different from one another

49
Q

Population recombination parameter

A

The expected level of LD in a randomly mating population

50
Q

Advantagous allele

A

An allele that increases the fitness of of its carrier

51
Q

Neutral allele

A

An allele that has no impact on the fitness of its carrier

52
Q

Neutral theory of molecular evolution

A

A majority of mutations do not influence the fitness of their carriers

53
Q

Outgroup

A

The taxon from a group that is know to be the earliest divergence of a common ancestor

54
Q

Episodic selection model

A

Selection that is not constant over time

55
Q

Nearly neutral model

A

a slight increase or decrease of an allele that slightly increases or decreases the fitness of an individual but not by much

Human Evolutionary Genetics (2 decks)

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