Chapter 5 : Variations in consciousness(2)

Question 1

How serious are the effects of partial sleep deprivation?

Answer 1

Sleep restriction can impair individuals’ attention, reaction time, motor coordination, and decision-making, and may also have negative effects on endocrine and immune system functioning.

(CS)

Question 2

What are the effects of REM deprivation?

Answer 2

The evidence indicates that it has little impact on daytime functioning and task performance, but it does have some interesting effects on participants’ patterns of sleeping

Question 3

What is the rebound effect?

Answer 3

That is, they spend extra time in REM periods for one to three nights to make up for their REM deprivation.

Question 4

Why do we need REM and slow-wave sleep?

Answer 4

Some influential studies suggest that REM and slow-wave sleep contributes to firming up learning that takes place during the day—a process called memory consolidation.

(CS)

Question 5

What are the health consequences of sleep deprivation?

Answer 5

1. Weight gain (hormonal changes that increase hunger)
2. Impaired immune system functioning

Question 6

What are the 3 patterns of insomnia?

Answer 6

(1) difficulty in falling asleep initially
(2) difficulty in remaining asleep
(3) persistent early-morning
awakening.

Question 7

What is narcolepsy?

Answer 7

Narcolepsy is a disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods.

A person suffering from narcolepsy goes
directly from wakefulness into REM sleep, usually for a short period

Question 8

What are the causes of narcolepsy?

Answer 8

Impairment in the regulation of REM sleep is the main cause of narcolepsy

This impairment appears to be due to the loss of orexin neurons in the hypothalamus

(CS)

Question 9

What is sleep apnea?

Answer 9

Sleep apnea involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep.

Apnea occurs when a person literally stops breathing for a minimum of ten seconds.

Question 10

What are the effects of sleep apnea?

Answer 10

1. Excessive daytime sleepiness
2. Increases vulnerability to cardiovascular diseases and doubles one’s mortality risk.
3. Declines in attention, memory, and other aspects of cognitive functioning

(CS)

Question 11

What are night terrors?

Answer 11

Night terrors (also called “sleep terrors”) are abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep, accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic.

Question 12

What stage of sleep do night terrors take place in?

Answer 12

During slow wave sleep (N3) early in the night.

Question 13

What is somnaambulism?

Answer 13

Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, occurs when a person arises and wanders about while remaining asleep.

Question 14

What are the peak ages for sleep terrors and sleepwalking?

Answer 14

The peak age for sleep terrors is one-and-a-half years of age, whereas for sleepwalking it is ten years of age.

Question 15

What is REM sleep behaviour disorder?

Answer 15

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is marked by potentially troublesome dream enactments during REM periods.

Question 16

What causes RBD?

Answer 16

The cause of RBD appears to be deterioration in the brainstem structures that are normally responsible for immobilization during REM periods

Question 17

Which sleep disorder may develop into Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 17

RBD eventually goes on to develop neurodegenerative disorders, especially Parkinson’s disease

Question 18

Define nightmares.

Answer 18

Nightmares are anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep.

Question 19

What is day residue?

Answer 19

Freud noticed long ago that the contents
of waking life often tended to spill into dreams; he labelled this spillover the day residue.

Question 20

What are the 3 theories of dreaming?

Answer 20

1. Wish fulfillment(Freud)
2. Cognitive,problem-solving view
   ( Cartwright)
3. Activation-synthesis (Hobson)

Question 21

What is wish fulfillment theory?

Answer 21

People fulfill ungratified needs from waking hours through wishful thinking in dreams

Question 22

What is cognitive-problem solving theory?

Answer 22

According to her cognitive, problem­solving view, there is considerable continuity between waking and sleeping thought.

Dreams provide an opportunity to work
through everyday problems.

Question 23

What is activation synthesis theory?

Answer 23

Their activation­synthesis model and its more recent revisions propose that
dreams are side effects of the neural activation that produces “wide-awake” brain waves during REM sleep.

(CS)