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ISA Arborist Cert > Chapter 5 Tree Nutrrition And Fertilization > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Tree Nutrrition And Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

Essential Element

A

17 minerals essential to the growth and development of trees. These minerals are essential because plants cannot complete their life cycle without them. See macronutrient and micronutrient.

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2
Q

Macronutrient

A

Essential element that is required by plants in relatively large quantities. Nitrogen.
Contrast with micronutrient.

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3
Q

Leaching

A

Tendency for elements or compounds to wash down through the soil.
Tendency for elements of compounds to wash into the soil.
For example, alkaline compounds may leach from concrete, or heavy metals may leach from aggregates, and both may damage plants.

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4
Q

Chlorosis

A

Whitish or yellowish leaf discoloration caused by lack of chlorophyll. Often caused by nutrient deficiency.

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5
Q

Secondary nutrients

A

Mineral element required in moderate amounts by plants. See also essential elements, macronutrient and micronutrient.
Magnesium and calcium
Magnesium deficiency is common in palms.

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6
Q

Micronutrients

A

Essential elements that is required by plants in relatively small quantities. Contrast with macronutrient.
Iron chlorosis.
Manganese
Zinc

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7
Q

Complete Fertilizer

A

Fertilizer containing the three primary elements: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K).

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8
Q

Fertilizer analysis

A

Percentage of primary elements [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)] in a fertilizer. Listed on the container, express the composition of the fertilizer as a percentage By weight of total nitrogen, available phosphoric acid, and soluble potash.

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9
Q

Organic

A

In chemistry, a substance containing carbon. In an applied arborcultural context, a substance, especially a fertilizer or pesticide of animal or vegetable origin. Contrast with inorganic.

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10
Q

Inorganic

A

Not containing carbon. Not containing organic material. Contrast with organic.
Release their elements fairly quickly when dissolved in water.

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11
Q

Examples of synthetic organic fertilizers

A

Urea formaldehyde (UF)
Isobutylidene Diurea (IBDU)

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12
Q

Examples of natural organic fertilizers

A

Manures, sewage, sludge, fish hydrolysates, blood, and bone meal.

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13
Q

Advantages of organic fertilizer over inorganic fertilizer

A

Organic material must be converted into inorganic ions before absorption; therefore, they are not leached as readily from the soil.

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14
Q

Slow Release Fertilizers

A

Fertilizer that is at least 50 percent water-insoluable nitrogen (WIN) . And a salt index below 50. Rate at release may vary depending on soil moisture and temperature.

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15
Q

Fertilizer Burn

A

injury to a plant resulting from excess fertilizer salts in the surrounding soil.

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16
Q

Water-insoluable Nitrogen

A

nitrogen fertilizer in a form that is not readily soluable in water. At least 50 percent insoluable in water and below 50 on the salt index.

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17
Q

General amount of slow- release nitrogen per 1,000 square feet

A

2 - 4 pounds of nitrogen fertilizer per 1,000 square feet.
But no more than 6 pounds per 1,000 square feet per year.

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18
Q

General amount of quick release nitrogen per 1,000 square feet

A

1 - 3 pounds of nitrogen fertilizer per 1,000 square feet.
But no more than 4 pounds per 1,000 square feet per year.

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19
Q

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

A

ability of a soil to absorb and hold cations. Affected by soil pH. Measures soil fertility, clay composition, and engineering characteristics.

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20
Q

Surface Application

A

placement of fertilizer or other material on the ground surface. Broadcast.

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21
Q

Advantages of surface application of fertilizers

A

It requires the least amount of time for application.
It does not require sophisticated equipment.
It delivers nitrogen to the upper surface, and, if there is enough water applied, it may penetrate into the upper 6 inches of soil, where most of the trees actively absorbing roots are located.

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22
Q

Volatilization

A

conversion of a solid or a liquid into a gas or vapor.
A disadvantage of surface application of fertilizers on trees for runoff into nearby rivers and streams, which contaminates the waters. Do not surface apply where run off is an issue.

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23
Q

Subsurface Application

A

Placement of fertilizer or other material below the soil surface.

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24
Q

Drill-Hole method (fertilization)

A

applying fertilizer by drilling holes in the soil within the root zone.
Drill holes 2-4 inches wide about 1-3 feet apart and 4-8inches deep into the soil around the tree in concentric circles or a grid pattern. Start a few feet away from the tree to avoid hurting the buttress roots and go out until at least the drip line. Evenly distribute the fertilizer into the holes. Do not fill them all the way with fertilizer or it will glaze or cause compaction. Leave at least 2 inches of the holes empty and then backfill with a soil amendment such as compost, peat moss, pea gravel, perlite, crushed stone or sand.

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25
Q

Drip Line

A

imaginary line defined by the branch spread of a single plant or group of plants.

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26
Q

Liquid Injection Fertilizer

A

applying liquid formulations of fertilizer by injection into the root zone of a tree. Often the factor limiting fertilizer uptake is lack of available water so this method aims to provide better distribution and uptake of fertilizer because water is injected into the root zone.

27
Q

Foliar Application

A

applying a fertilizer, pesticide, or other substance directly to the foliage, employed to correct minor element deficiencies.
Not helpful if other nutrients are also needed. Most effective just before a period of active growth. !-2 applications a year usually will do it but everything responds to them. Care should be taken not to stain other plants and landscaping things when spraying.

28
Q

Chelate

A

chemical compound that keeps plant nutrients [usually iron] soluble and available for plant absorption over a broad range of pH.

29
Q

Implants

A

device, capsule, or pellet inserted into the tree’s xylem system to treat or prevent diseases, disorders, or pest problems. Requires a relatively large diameter and deep hole in the trunk. Contrast with microinjection.

30
Q

Injections

A

Method of putting a a liquid fertilizer or pesticide directly into the soil or a plants tissue.

31
Q

Prescription Fertilization

A

philosophy of basing fertilization recommendations on plant needs, which are primarily determined by soil or tissue testing.

32
Q

Foliar Analysis

A

analysis of soil to determine pH, mineral composition, structure, salinity, and other characteristics.

33
Q

Soil Analysis

A

laboratory analysis of the mineral content of foliage.

34
Q

Trees take up essential elements, dissolved in ________, through the roots.

A

water

35
Q

_____________ are elements required by trees in relatively large quantities.

A

Macronutrients

36
Q

The macronutrient ______________ is a constituent of chlorophyll and, if deficient, can cause reduced growth and yellowing of the foliage.

A

Nitrogen

37
Q

Yellowing between the leaf veins is called ____________ and may be the result of mineral deficiencies.

A

Chlorosis

38
Q

It is desirable to use ________-_________ ______________, because they release nutrients, usually nitrogen, over an extended period of time.

A

Slow-release fertilizers

39
Q

The _________ ______________, listed on the container, gives the relative percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

A

Fertilizer Analysis

40
Q

A 50 pound (23 kg) bag of 20-10-5 fertilizer contains _________ pounds of (or ___________ kg) of actual nitrogen.

A

10 pounds (4.6 kg)

41
Q

Manure and sewage sludge are ____________ forms of fertilizer.

A

Organic

42
Q

If fertilizer “burn” or leaching are potential problems, it may be desirable to use a _________ - ____________ fertilizer.

A

slow - release

43
Q

If the concentration of salts within the surrounding soil is much greater than the concentration of solutes (salts) found in the root cells, this leads to a phenomenon known as ___________ _____________ in which water is “drawn out” of the roots and into the soil.

A

Reverse Osmosis

44
Q

The most important factor for good uptake of fertilizer elements is adequate _____________.

A

water

45
Q

True/False. Surface application of fertilizer is relatively inexpensive and makes the fertilizer available in the upper few inches (centimeters) of soil.

A

True

46
Q

What is the biggest problem with deep root fertilization?

A

Fertilizer is placed below the absorbing roots.

47
Q

Foliar application of fertilizer is sometimes used to correct ____________ deficiencies.

A

micronutrient

48
Q

Name two limitations to trunk implants and microinjections.

A

a. not helpful for macronutrients because of the amount needed. you cant inject that much at a time.
b. they have to be spaced out at least 2 years apart because of the resulting wounds. they need time to heal.
c. Limited to trees over 4inches in diameter

49
Q

Wilting, marginal burning, and die back may be symptoms of excess _________ ___________ in the root zone.

A

fertilizer salts

50
Q

__________ is the washing of out of chemicals down through the soil.

A

Leaching

51
Q

Fertilization Recommendations should be based on ______________ _________________.

A

element requirements

52
Q

Two of the most important levels measured in a soil analysis are the ________ and the salt levels ( especially in arid regions).

A

pH

53
Q

Studies now show that nitrogen fertilization can trigger a tree’s energy allocation towards growth, sometimes at the expense of ___________.

A

Defense

54
Q

Studies now show that nitrogen fertilization can trigger a tree’s energy allocation towards growth, sometimes at the expense of ___________.

A

Defense

55
Q

Studies now show that nitrogen fertilization can trigger a tree’s energy allocation towards growth, sometimes at the expense of ___________.

A

Defense

56
Q

An pound bag of 10-6-4 fertilizer contains how many pounds of actual nitrogen?
a. 6
b. 8
c. 10
d. 4

A

b. 8

57
Q

A complete fertilizer contains
a. all essential 16 elements
b. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
c. organic and inorganic nitrogen
d. equal amounts of N, P, and K

A

b. nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

58
Q

A tree may not respond immediately to fertilizer application if
a. a slow-release fertilizer was applied
b. there is inadequate soil moisture
c. the tree is not actively growing
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

59
Q

A soil test may not identify a nutrient deficiency problem in a plant because
a. the tests are not reliable
b. the nutrient content can change after collecting
c. the soil may contain adequate nutrients but something may be inhibiting uptake
d. no one knows which levels of nutrients in soils are adequate

A

c. the soil may contain adequate nutrients but something in inhibiting uptake

60
Q

Sulfur-coated urea or urea formaldehyde is sometimes included in nitrogen fertilizers because
a. slow-release forms of nitrogen are sometimes desired
b. the soil pH must be adjusted to optimize nutrient uptake
c. the soil’s buffering capacity may inhibit nitrogen absorption
d. urea is good, natural source of phosphorus

A

a. slow-release forms of nitrogen are sometimes desired

61
Q

Explain how a nutrient can be plentiful according to a soil analysis, yet be deficient in a tree.

A

There can be enough of a nutrient in a soil but there may be something inhibiting the tree from uptaking it and absorbing it.

62
Q

If a fertilizer with an analysis of 10-0-0 costs $15 for a 60 pound bag, what will be the fertilizer cost for fertilizing 2,000 square feet of root area at the rate of 2 pounds per 1,000 square feet.

A

ehh less than $15

63
Q

What are the advantages to using slow-release forms of nitrogen?

A

They dont leach away. Leaching doesnt allow the tree to benefit from the fertilization and it also pollutes water with chemicals.

ISA Arborist Cert (5 decks)

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