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A&P Exam #2 > Chapter 5: Tissue Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Tissue Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

1 or more layers of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix

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2
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found?

A
  • covering body surfaces
  • lining cavities
  • forming glands
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3
Q

What are the 2 surface of epithelium?

A
  1. apical surface: superficial; exposed to external environment / internal body space
  2. basal surface: deep; epithelium is attached to basement membrane
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4
Q

Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?

A

avascular - nutrients are obtained across apical surface or via diffusion

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5
Q

Is epithelial tissue innervated or not?

A

extensive innervation to detect environmental changes

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6
Q

What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. physical protection
  2. selective permeability
  3. Secretions
  4. Sensations
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7
Q

What are the classification of epithelial cell layers?

A
  1. simple (1 layer of cells)
  2. Stratified (2+ layers of cells)
  3. Pseudostratified (appears layered due to nuclei)
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8
Q

What are the classification of epithelial cell shape?

A
  1. squamous
  2. cuboidal
  3. columnar
  4. transitional
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9
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A
  • alveoli
  • lining blood vessels
  • serous membranes

*thinnest barrier, allows rapid movement of molecules across surface

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10
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A
  • kidney tubules
  • surface of ovary

*designed for absorption and secretion

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11
Q

Where is non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium found?

A

-inner lining of digestive tract

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12
Q

Where is ciliated simple columnar epithelium found?

A

-lining of larger bronchioles in lungs, uterus

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13
Q

Where is stratified epithelium found?

A
  • skin
  • lining of esophagus
  • lining of bladder

*able to resist wear and tear

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14
Q

Where is non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

A

-urethra, epididymis

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15
Q

Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

the epidermis

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16
Q

Where is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?

A
  • oral cavity
  • parts of pharynx
  • esophagus
  • vagina
  • anus
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17
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A
  • sweat glands
  • male urethra
  • ovarian follicles
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18
Q

Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

-large ducts of salivary glands

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19
Q

What are the 3 main types of glands?

A
  1. Merocrine
  2. Apocrine
    3 Holocrine
20
Q

What is a merocrine gland?

A
  • packages secretions into vesicles and release them via exocytosis
  • lacrimal, salivary, sweat, pancreas, stomach
21
Q

What is an apocrine gland?

A
  • apical membrane pinches off secretions, thus damaging the cell and requiring repair
  • mammary, ceruminous
22
Q

What is a holocrine gland?

A
  • cell accumulates something, then dissolves itself, and the final product is a viscous mixture of the 2
  • sebaceous glands
23
Q

What is the most diverse, abundant, and widely distributed of the tissues?

A

connective tissue

24
Q

All connective tissue share what common origin?

A

embryonic mesenchyme

25
Q

What are the main examples of connective tissue?

A
  1. tendons
  2. ligaments
  3. cartilage
  4. adipose
  5. blood
  6. bone
26
Q

All connective tissue share what basic components?

A
  1. cells
  2. protein fibers
  3. ground substance
27
Q

What are the 2 classes of cells of connective tissue proper?

A
  1. resident cells

2. wandering cells

28
Q

What are resident cells?

A

stationary cells that are permanently housed within the connective tissue

29
Q

What are examples of resident cells?

A
  1. fibroblasts
  2. adipocytes
  3. mesenchymal
  4. fixed macrophages
30
Q

What are wandering cells?

A

cells that continuously move throughout connective tissue proper and are components of the immune system

*are primarily different types of leukocytes

31
Q

What are examples of wandering cells?

A
  1. mast cells
  2. plasma cells
  3. free macrophages
  4. other leukocytes
32
Q

What are the most abundant resident cells in connective tissue proper?

A

fibroblasts

33
Q

Which wandering cells secrete heparin and histamine?

A

mast cells

34
Q

Which wandering cells produce antibodies?

A

plasma cells

35
Q

What are the 3 types of protein fibers?

A
  1. collagen
  2. elastic
  3. reticular
36
Q

What are characteristics of collagen fibers?

A
  • long, unbranched
  • strong, flexible, resistant to stretching
  • appear white
  • found in tendons, ligaments
37
Q

What are characteristics of reticular fibers?

A
  • long, branched, thin
  • flexible
  • found in spleen, liver, lymph nodes
38
Q

What are characteristics of elastic fibers?

A
  • branched, wavy
  • stretch and coil easily
  • appear yellow
  • found in skin, arteries, lungs
39
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix?

A

ground substance + protein fibers

40
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. physical protection
  2. support and structural framework
  3. binding of structures
  4. storage
  5. transport
  6. immune protection
41
Q

What connective tissue is only found in the umbilical cord?

A

mucous connective tissue

42
Q

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?

A
  1. areolar
  2. adipose
  3. reticular
43
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. skeletal
  2. smooth
  3. cardiac
44
Q

What are the “cells” of the nervous system?

A

neurons

45
Q

What are the longest cells in the body?

A

neurons

46
Q

What are the 4 types of body membranes?

A
  1. mucous
  2. serous
  3. synovial
  4. cutaneous
47
Q

What are the 3 layers of the “basement membrane?”

A
  1. lamina lucida
  2. lamina densa
  3. reticular lamina

A&P Exam #2 (3 decks)

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