Chapter 5: Theory, Research, and Evidence-Based Practice

Question 0

What does experimental research examine, and where is it generally performed?

Answer 0

Experimental research examines the cause-and-effect relationships between variables under highly controlled conditions. Experimental research studies often occur in a laboratory setting.

Question 1

In evidence-based practice, what do the letters PICO stand for?

Answer 1

P: population of interest
I: intervention
C: comparison of interest
O: outcome

Question 2

What does descriptive research explore and why?

Answer 2

Descriptive research explores and describes events in a real-life situation to identify relationships between and among events.

Question 3

What does correlational research examine?

Answer 3

Correlational research examines the type and degree of relationship between two or more variables.

Question 4

What does Quasi-experimental research examine, and where does it generally take place?

Answer 4

Quasi-experimental research examines the cause-and-effect relationships between selected variables and is typically situated outside of the laboratory setting.

Question 5

Where is the abstract of a peer-reviewed article located and what is its purpose?

Answer 5

The abstract is located at the beginning of the article, and it summarizes the entire article and usually provides the purpose of the study, a description of the subjects, data collection and data analysis, and a summary of important findings.

Question 6

Where is the review of literature found in a peer-reviewed article and what is its purpose?

Answer 6

The review of literature discusses relevant studies that have been conducted in the area of the study, and is found an introduction.

Question 7

What is contained within the results section of a peer-reviewed article, and how is it presented?

Answer 7

The results of the findings of the study and often presented in both words and charts, tables, or graphs.

Question 8

What is the conclusion in a peer-reviewed article, and what is its purpose?

Answer 8

The conclusions are the discussions of the results and suggestions for further study.

Question 9

Are basic and applied research quantitative or qualitative?

Answer 9

Quantitative

Question 10

What type of research method would a researcher used to study the perceptions of a group of individuals?

Answer 10

Qualitative research methods

Question 11

What is the purpose of qualitative research?

Answer 11

Qualitative research methods investigate perceptions, where the researcher will analyze words instead of numbers.

Question 12

What does General Systems theory describe?

Answer 12

General systems theory describes how to break things into parts and then to learn how the parts work together in systems.

Question 13

What does nursing theory attempt?

Answer 13

Nursing theory attempts to describe, explain, predict, and control desired outcomes of nursing care practices.

Question 14

What does adaptation theory define?

Answer 14

Adaptation very defined adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things into environmental conditions.

Question 15

What does developmental theory outline?

Answer 15

Developmental theory outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable.

Question 16

Which four concepts are common to all theories of nursing?

Answer 16

1: The client
2: The environment
3: Health
4: Nursing

Question 17

Which principle underlies the ethical conduction of research in a hospital setting?

Answer 17

Patients must grant informed consent if they are to participate.

Question 18

Which are more ethical: descriptive studies or experimental studies?

Answer 18

Ethical standards are applicable and achievable in every type of research, and descriptive studies are not necessarily more ethical than experiments.

Question 19

Must patients directly and personally benefit from participating in research in a hospital setting?

Answer 19

The risks and benefits of research are considered carefully and light of ethical principles, but this does NOT necessarily mean that every participant in a study stands to benefit from it.

Question 20

What aspect of the nursing research process addresses the patient’s understanding of the potential risks and benefits of a study?

Answer 20

Going through the informed consent process with the patient.

Question 21

What is informed consent and what does it involve?

Answer 21

Informed consent is a process in which the details of a study and the patients rights are examined and discussed in detail. This goes beyond simply obtaining the patient signature or allowing him to ask questions.

Question 22

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 22

I hypothesis is an expected statement of the relationship between variables in a study.

Question 23

What is the methodology of a study?

Answer 23

The methodology of the study is the logistical framework that guides the planning and execution of the study.

Question 24

What are the five stages of the EBP process?

Answer 24

1: formulate a clear clinical question
2: collect the most relevant and best evidence
3: critically appraise the evidence
4: integrate evidence was clinical expertise and patient preferences
5: evaluate the practice decision or change

Question 25

What is historical methodology?

Answer 25

Historical methodology examines events of the past in order to increase understanding of the nursing profession today.

Question 26

What is phenomenology used for?

Answer 26

Phenomenology is used to describe experiences as they are lived by the subject being studied.

Question 27

What is grounded theory?

Answer 27

Grounded theory is the discovery of how people describe their own reality and how their beliefs are related to actions in a social scene.

Question 28

What is ethnography used for?

Answer 28

Ethnography is used to examine issues of a culture that are of interest to nursing.

Question 29

How is scientific knowledge arrived at?

Answer 29

Scientific knowledge is arrived at through the research-based scientific method.

Question 30

Is philosophical knowledge a source of nursing knowledge?

Answer 30

No, philosophical knowledge is not a source of nursing knowledge, but is a type of general knowledge.

Question 31

What is authoritative knowledge and how is it excepted?

Answer 31

Authority of knowledge comes from expert and it is accepted as truth based on the person’s perceived expertise.

Question 32

What is traditional knowledge, and how much is it based upon science?

Answer 32

Traditional knowledge is that part of nursing practice passed down from generation to generation and it’s not based upon scientific inquiry.

Question 33

With regards to research, what are instruments, and what are some examples?

Answer 33

An instrument as a research tool that can be used to collect, record, and quantified data. Typically, instruments are surveys, tests, or questionnaires that have been shown to be reliable and valid in capturing the phenomenon in question.

Question 34

Which type of research method would be best utilized in attempting to understand non-English-speaking immigrants’ experiences of being hospitalized?

Answer 34

Phenomenology

Question 35

Which research method would be best utilized in understanding help patients cope with a new diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 35

Processes such as coping of the most common focuses of grounded theory.

Question 36

Which research method would be best utilized in explaining how the particular characteristics of the Vietnam War affected the rolls of nurses?

Answer 36

Examining the significance of past events, such as war, is associated with historical qualitative research.

Question 37

Which research method would best be utilized in describing the health maintenance activities that are practiced by homeless intravenous drug users?

Answer 37

Research that is undertaken within a specific culture, such as that of homeless intravenous drug users, is characteristic of ethnography.

Question 38

In understanding the historical influences on nursing knowledge, why has nursing as a profession struggled for years to establish its own identity and to receive recognition for its contributions to health care?

Answer 38

Despite Nightingale’s believe in the uniqueness of nursing, the training of nurses was initially carried out under the direction and control of medical profession. Because the conceptual and theoretical basis for nursing practice came from outside the profession, this is struggled for years to establish its own identity into received recognition for that significant contributions to health care.

Question 39

Which nursing theorist focused on rehabilitation as a major outcome of nursing care?

Answer 39

Lydia Hall.
The central theme of Lydia Halls nursing three has a focus on rehabilitation. The major outcome of nursing care under her series focuses on rehabilitation and feelings of self actualization by the patient.

Question 40

What did Martha Rogers emphasizing in her theory of Nursing?

Answer 40

Martha Rogers emphasized the science and art of nursing, with the unitary human being central to the discipline of nursing.

Question 41

What was Jean Watson concerned with in her theory of nursing?

Answer 41

Jean Watson was concerned with promoting and restoring health, preventing illness, and caring for the sick.

Question 42

What was sister Calista Roy’s theme focused on in her nursing theory?

Answer 42

Sr. Calista Roy’s theme focused on human beings as biopsychosocial beings existing within an environment.