Chapter 5 - The Skeletal and Articular Systems Flashcards
The anatomical position is the starting point for describing movement at joints - the points where the bones of the human skeleton connect. Effective movement depends on healthy bones and joints, so we need to understand their structure and function.
Describe The Anatomical Position:
standard position which is used to describe the location and relationships of anatomical parts of the body
*like compasses are used to to descrcibe location in geography
Characteristics of the anatomical position:
1.UPRIGTH; head,eyes,and toes pointing forward
2.Feet together, arms slightly out to the side
3.Forearms are SUPINATED, the palms are facing forwards
What are the 4 anatomical relationships:
- anterior/ posterior
- superior/ inferior
- medial/ lateral
- proximal/ distal
What is the anatomical position further divided into(2):
1.Anatomical PLANES
2.Anatomical AXES
What are the anatomical planes(3):
1.FRONTAL PLANE
-(coronal plane) is vertical and extends from one side of body to the other… think about it being flat like a pancake…frontal being FRONT to Back
2.TRANSVERSE PLANE
-(horizontal plane) is horizontal and divides the body into UPPER and LOWER segments..TRANS being cut in half
3.SAGITTAL PLANE
-(median plane) is vertical and extends from front to back… dividing the body into 2 right down the middle… sagittal bone going all the way down.
What are the anatomical axes(3):
1.HORIZONTAL AXIS
-extends from one side of the body to the other…since this is sagitudial plane and you put pencil in the way…youre only going to be able to do FLEXTION AND EXTENTION
2.LONGITUDINAL AXIS
-(polar axis) is vertical running from head to toe…Since it belongs to transverse plane there would be a saw separating the body and it would only be able to ROTATE
3.ANTERO-POTERIOR AXIS
-extends from the front to back of body…since its frontal plane
Whats it called when all 3 are being used:
Circumduction
Where do all 3 meet?
At our naval; centre of gravity
What is the general rule fro describing a body movement:
The axis of rotation is always perpendicular of the plane of movement
What terms can be used to describe movement(8):
- FLEXION= bending joint, angle decreases
EXTENSION=opposite
2.ABBDUCTION= from, away
ADDUCTION= to, towards
- PLANTAR FLEXION= ankle joint, pointing, calf raises…PLANT your foot
DORSIFLEXION= bend ankle joint, shin workout - SUPINATION= soup, palm forward
PRONATION= opp, down - INVERSION= ankle joint, twisting ankle… outer edeg of foot
EVERSION=inner edeg - EXTERNAL ROTATION=turnout
INTERNAL ROTATION=turn in - ELEVATION=shoulder shrug
DEPRESSION=slouch down - CIRCUMDUCTION= combo of flexion, eztension, adduction, absduction. windmill when pitching softball
How many bones is the human body made up of, and how much does it weigh:
206, and it accounts fro 16% of body weight
How many bones do we start with:
300… for example bones fuse as growth takes place and the skull and lower part of vertebral column fuse.
What are bones made up of:
Living tissue; bones cells, fat cells, and blood vessels.
Bones primarly are composed of the mineral CALCIUM
What can happen with low calcium:
Bones become brittle and breakable… older people can experience OSTEOPOROSIS
What is the main function of the skeletal system (5):
1.Structural support to the body
2.protects vital organs
3.Growth centre for cells
4.Reserve for minerals
5.Movement
What are the 5 types of bones:
- Long bone- arms, legs, femur
- Short bone- wrists, carpal bone, ankle
- Flat bone- root of skull, thin
- irregular bone- sphenoid or vertebrea
- Sesamoid bones- unusual, small, flat bones wrapped with tendons that move our body surface… so patella, or knee bone
What two main parts is the structure of the skeleton divided into?
- AXIAL skeleton
2.APPENDICULAR skeleton
How many bones in appendiculr skeleton?
126 bones: Moveable limbs and gridles allow us to move. pecs, arms, forearms, pelvis, thighs, legs, feet, ankles
How many bones in axial skeleton?
80 bones: vertebral column(spine), skull, and ribs
What is a bone landmark:
A ridge, bump, or grove, depression, or prominence on the surface of a bone that serves to guide to the locations of other body structures.
EX. QUAD: front thigh muscle wraps around patella (kneecap) and inserts on tibial tuberosity (landmark on top if tibia)
Bone injuries(3) or bone diseases(1):
- Fractures: bone “breaks” and can be either simple, compound, or comminuted.
- Stress fractures: tiny crack caused by rapid increase in activity, even when athlete changes surface of footwear like runners
- Shin splints: condition on medial or lateral side of tibia(shin bone)
- Osteoporosis: degenerative disease characterized by low muscle mass and bone deterioration… diet can prevent when supplemented with calcium and vitamin D… weighted exercises, no smoking/alcohol
What calcification of joints are there? (3)
- Fibrous joints
- Cartilaginous joints
- Synovial joints
What are the characteristics of synovial joints:
They allow movement between bones and are distinguished by:
-ARTICULAR CARTILAGE(on end of bones and contact with each other)
-JOINT CAPSULE ( synovial membrane and fibrous capsule)
-JOINT CAVITY (synovial fluid, lubricates joint)
-BURSAE (small fluid sacs found at friction points)
-INTRINSIC LIGAMENTS (thick bands of fibrous connective tissue that help thicken/reinforce joint capsule)
-EXTRINSIC LIGAMENTS (separate from joint capsule and help reinforce joint)
What are ball and socket, and gliding joints:
BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS: (spheroidal) the ball at one bone fits into the socket of another…this allows movement around 3 axes0 humerus rests in the glenoid cavity so hip
GLIDING JOINTS: (plane or arthroidal) connects flat/slightly curved bone surfaces that glide against eachother- tarsals among carpals so foot
What are hinge and pivot joints:
HINGE: (ginglymus) convex portion if bone fits into concave area…ulna and humerus so elbow
PIVOT: (trochoid) rounded point of bone into a groove of another so joint from neck vertebrea to allow head rotation… so neck
Sadle and ellipsoid joints:
SADDLE: allow moevement in 2 planes, no ration…. carpo-metacarpal thumb
ELIPSOID: synovial joint allowing movement in 2 planes…. wrist
Joint related injuries(3) and diseases(1):
1.Dislocation: bone is displaced from joint
2.Seperation: more serious… shoulder for example the ligaments attaching to collarbone and shoulder are disturped.
3.Rotator cuff tears: involve 1 or 4 muscles of shoulder…. they share common tendinous insertion so when a tendon is torn, they are all affceted.
4.Osteoarthritis: loss of cartilage at joints.
Makeup of spine:
33 vertebrae:
CERVICAL(7)
THORACIC(12)
LUMBAR(5)
sacrum, coccyx
What 3 components is the muscular system made up of:
Bones, muscle, and joints…. provide support and stability to body which allow movement
3 types of muscle tissue:
- SMOOTH (intestines, internal organs, lood vessels, digestion, urinary, SLOW CONTRACTION BUT LONGER & INVOLOUNTARY)
- CARDIAC* (only heart, they are responisble fro pumppimg blood from heart to rest of the body… directed to act INVOLOUNTARY and directed to act by the auronomic nervous system)
- SKELETAL (shoulder, striation, attached by tendons and tissue… 30-40% of human body weigth,VOLOUNTARY)
What is the musculoskeletal system made up of:
-bones, muscle, and connective tissue
-muscle fibres connect to bones directly through tissue fibres called tendons
-bones are held tightly by ligaments
-cartilage tissue at ends of bones prevents bones from grinding against each other
How muscle fibres are called:
By direction of fibres… rectus or transverse
Major muscle groups frontal(4):
- QUADRACEP
- ROTATOR CUFF
- ABDOMINALS
- PECTORAL
Major muscle groups back(5):
- ERECTOR SPINAE
- EHOMBOIDS
- GLUTEALS
- HAMSTRING
- CALF
Rotator cuff muslces:
-supraspinatus
-infraspinatous
-teres minor subscapularas (anterior)
-teres major
Hamstring Muscles:
-Biceps femoris
-semitendenosus(outside)
-semimembranosus(inside)
Antagonist muscle:
Opposing muscel when lengthening…
What opens up binding sites on actin?
CALCIUM
How do muscle connect to bone:
Through indirect=tendons
or direct=muscle to bone
what are the main elements of skeletal muscle fibres:
-Sacrolemma
-Sarcoplasm
-Sacromeres
-Sacroplasmic reticulum
What are the 2 refelxes?
-Cerebral reflex(in brain)
-Spinal refex(Spine)
The relex arc:
a nural pathway where an initial sensory stimulus and a corresponding travel…
stimulus is sent to CNS but there is no interpretation of signal…the signal is transmitted to motor nuerons which elicit a response
the 5 parts to refelex arc
RECEPTOR=receives initial stimulus… sound or feeling
SENSORY(afferent) NERVE=carries that impulse to spinal column or the brain
INTERMEDIATE NERVE FIBRE=interprets signal and issues an appropriate response
MOTOR(efferent) nerve= carroes response message from spinal cord to muscel/organ and…
to the EFFECTOR ORGAN which carries out the response (removing hanf from danger)
proprioception versues propprioceptrors:
1= ability to sense posiiton, oritentaion, or movemnt on body
2.the sensory receptors which detect the motion/position/body
Muscel spindles:
They are sensory receptors; propriceptors in a muscle fibre.
-they help maintain muscel tension and that are sensitive to change in muscel length…they are invloved in stretch/reflex contraction..
*they are the example of reflex action being the knee-jerk reflex
these are proprioceptors which monitor muscel actions and are components od the nuromuscular system… they tell the nervous system the state of muscle contraction and all the nervous system to respond accordinngly
knee jerk reflex:
it demonstrated a stretch reflex action and invloeves and single motor nuroen connection…monosynaptic reflex
1.muscle spindle(stretch deteced)
2.sensory nuron(affecrent)
3.synapse
4.motor neuron *efferent)
5.motor units…extensor muscle,
golgi tendon organs:
*tension ddetectors
these are founnd at the end of muscle fibres and merge into tendons themsleves…these detect changes in muscle tension and help protect from over tension and damage
basically, these project to th espinal cord, and when it detects change in tension, it will sent an imposle to CNS and complete the process with efferent and will relax prventijg injury
ATP
most common energy molecule…the final form the free energy takes is ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE(ATP)
captures chemicals from foods
there is a release of energy from ATP:
it results in ADP
ATP= ADP+P+ENERGY
How can we reztnthasize ATP:
1.anaerobic(not involving and partially breaking down)
2.aerobic(breaks down glucose,,,fats,protein)
2 systems but 3 metabolic pathways:
-ATP-PC (anaerobic ALACTIC)
-GLYCOLYSIS (anaerobic LACTIC)
-CELLULAR RESPIRATION (aerobic)
Glycolysis leads into aerobic
ATP-P-C:
*Anaerobic, Alactic
*pathway processes deep within fibres
-allows quick,intense muscle contraction and it does not produce lactic acid
-relies on phosphocreatine to sustain ATP
-10-15 seconds of effort
-relies heavily on atp-pc
PC+ADP=ATP+creatine
-highest rate of ATP resynthesis
sprints, shotput, vollyball
glycolysis:
*Anaerobic, Lactic
*pathway invloves partial breakdown of glucose
-allows for longer bursts of energy and produces lactic acid
-additional 90 seconds
-yeilds twice as much ATP as ATP-PC pathways
hockey, skating, running
Cellular respiration:
*Aerobic
*main source of energy during endurance events, yeildsnlarge amounts of ATP
hes gonna ask where: primarily occurs within the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
-involves oxygen and complete breakdown of oxygen
-uses oxygen to regernate energy found in mitochondria of cells
-36 produces
skiing, long distance, soccer
3 sub-pathways:
1. glycolysis= acid is converted to ACETYL COA and not lactic acid
2. kerbs cycle=high energy electrons sent to mitochondria…electron transport chain
3. electron transport chain= 36 molecules are produced, carbon dioxide and water are only byproducts
muscle fibre types:
- SLOW twitch= red/dark, maintain lower level of tension for long durations
-long distance, swimming, cycling, running - FAST twitch= pale in colour, tense and relax quickly, and can generate large amounts of tension with relatively low endurance levels
-fats, powerful, sprints, powerlifting, explosive jumping
type 1 = slow oxidative (SO) generate more slowly and are more fatigue residesnt Aerobic
-red, small, slow
-high myoglobin
type 2A= fast oxidative gylcolytic (FOG) high speed energy release as well as glycolytic capacity
-red/white, medium,fast
-low myoglobin
type 3B= fast glycolytic (FG) store lots of oxygen and high levels of enzymes fro quick contractions Anaorobic
-white,large,very fast
*myoglobin delivers oxygen to working muscles
epimysium:
a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle.
The epimysium is a thick connective tissue layer that is composed of coarse collagen fibers in a proteoglycan matrix.
heart is a double pump:
Mycardium= specilaized muscle tissue that forms heart.
RIGTH SIDE= Pulmonary circulation…pumps deoxyganated blood to the lungs
LEFT SIDE= systemic circulation…pumps oxygenated blood to the body
Arteries and Veins:
ARTERIES= blood vessels that carry bloof AWAY from blood
-arterioles branch form arteries and lead to caplillaries; gas exchange occurs
VEINS= blood vessles carry blood TOWARDS heart
Red blood cells:
Called erythrocytes and are 99% of blood
Cardiac cycle:
-DIASTOLE= relax, filling up
-SYSTOLE=contraction, ejects blood
*systolic blood pressure= maximum pressure observed in atretires during contraction phase of ventricel
Heart rate:
Bradycardia= training heart rate of 60 per min
Tachycardia=More than 100 per min
function of cardiovasucalr system:
The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important substances to cells and organs in the body. It plays an important role in helping the body meet the demands of activity, exercise, and stress. It also helps maintain body temperature, among other things.
function of respiratory system:
1.supply O2 to blood
2. romove co2 form blood
3. regulate pH
it is the process which cells use o2 to generate energy into mitochondorai of cells
2 zones:
1.conductive= mouth, nose, pharynx,laryx…filteres air to longs
2.respiratory= bronchioles, alevoilies…gas exchange
knee ligament damage:
Knee ligament damage, often from sports or trauma, can range from mild sprains to complete tears, causing pain, swelling, and instability, and potentially requiring surgery for full recovery
ligament and cartillage charcateristics:
LIGAMENTS= connects bones, created of collagen…thick bands connecting bones, joint stability, and keeping things in place
CARTILLAGE= is a flexible strong tissue which cusions joints and allows smooth movement
Neurotransmitter:
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an important neurotransmitter that plays a role in brain functions, such as memory, and body functions, such as muscle contractions to move your muscles. Low levels of acetylcholine are associated with memory issues and muscle disorders.
Pacemaker of the heart:
A heart pacemaker is a small, battery-powered device implanted in the chest to regulate a slow heart rate by sending electrical pulses to stimulate the heart to beat at a normal pace
A pacemaker is used to treat bradycardia (a slow heart rate) and other heart rhythm problems.
Function: It sends electrical impulses to the heart to ensure it beats at a steady and appropriate rate
