Chapter 5 - The Skeletal and Articular Systems Flashcards
The anatomical position is the starting point for describing movement at joints - the points where the bones of the human skeleton connect. Effective movement depends on healthy bones and joints, so we need to understand their structure and function.
Describe The Anatomical Position:
standard position which is used to describe the location and relationships of anatomical parts of the body
*like compasses are used to to descrcibe location in geography
Characteristics of the anatomical position:
1.UPRIGTH; head,eyes,and toes pointing forward
2.Feet together, arms slightly out to the side
3.Forearms are SUPINATED, the palms are facing forwards
What are the 4 anatomical relationships:
- anterior/ posterior
- superior/ inferior
- medial/ lateral
- proximal/ distal
What is the anatomical position further divided into(2):
1.Anatomical PLANES
2.Anatomical AXES
What are the anatomical planes(3):
1.FRONTAL PLANE
-(coronal plane) is vertical and extends from one side of body to the other… think about it being flat like a pancake…frontal being FRONT to Back
2.TRANSVERSE PLANE
-(horizontal plane) is horizontal and divides the body into UPPER and LOWER segments..TRANS being cut in half
3.SAGITTAL PLANE
-(median plane) is vertical and extends from front to back… dividing the body into 2 right down the middle… sagittal bone going all the way down.
What are the anatomical axes(3):
1.HORIZONTAL AXIS
-extends from one side of the body to the other…since this is sagitudial plane and you put pencil in the way…youre only going to be able to do FLEXTION AND EXTENTION
2.LONGITUDINAL AXIS
-(polar axis) is vertical running from head to toe…Since it belongs to transverse plane there would be a saw separating the body and it would only be able to ROTATE
3.ANTERO-POTERIOR AXIS
-extends from the front to back of body…since its frontal plane
Whats it called when all 3 are being used:
Circumduction
Where do all 3 meet?
At our naval; centre of gravity
What is the general rule fro describing a body movement:
The axis of rotation is always perpendicular of the plane of movement
What terms can be used to describe movement(8):
- FLEXION= bending joint, angle decreases
EXTENSION=opposite
2.ABBDUCTION= from, away
ADDUCTION= to, towards
- PLANTAR FLEXION= ankle joint, pointing, calf raises…PLANT your foot
DORSIFLEXION= bend ankle joint, shin workout - SUPINATION= soup, palm forward
PRONATION= opp, down - INVERSION= ankle joint, twisting ankle… outer edeg of foot
EVERSION=inner edeg - EXTERNAL ROTATION=turnout
INTERNAL ROTATION=turn in - ELEVATION=shoulder shrug
DEPRESSION=slouch down - CIRCUMDUCTION= combo of flexion, eztension, adduction, absduction. windmill when pitching softball
How many bones is the human body made up of, and how much does it weigh:
206, and it accounts fro 16% of body weight
How many bones do we start with:
300… for example bones fuse as growth takes place and the skull and lower part of vertebral column fuse.
What are bones made up of:
Living tissue; bones cells, fat cells, and blood vessels.
Bones primarly are composed of the mineral CALCIUM
What can happen with low calcium:
Bones become brittle and breakable… older people can experience OSTEOPOROSIS
What is the main function of the skeletal system (5):
1.Structural support to the body
2.protects vital organs
3.Growth centre for cells
4.Reserve for minerals
5.Movement
What are the 5 types of bones:
- Long bone- arms, legs, femur
- Short bone- wrists, carpal bone, ankle
- Flat bone- root of skull, thin
- irregular bone- sphenoid or vertebrea
- Sesamoid bones- unusual, small, flat bones wrapped with tendons that move our body surface… so patella, or knee bone
What two main parts is the structure of the skeleton divided into?
- AXIAL skeleton
2.APPENDICULAR skeleton
How many bones in appendiculr skeleton?
126 bones: Moveable limbs and gridles allow us to move. pecs, arms, forearms, pelvis, thighs, legs, feet, ankles
How many bones in axial skeleton?
80 bones: vertebral column(spine), skull, and ribs
What is a bone landmark:
A ridge, bump, or grove, depression, or prominence on the surface of a bone that serves to guide to the locations of other body structures.
EX. QUAD: front thigh muscle wraps around patella (kneecap) and inserts on tibial tuberosity (landmark on top if tibia)
Bone injuries(3) or bone diseases(1):
- Fractures: bone “breaks” and can be either simple, compound, or comminuted.
- Stress fractures: tiny crack caused by rapid increase in activity, even when athlete changes surface of footwear like runners
- Shin splints: condition on medial or lateral side of tibia(shin bone)
- Osteoporosis: degenerative disease characterized by low muscle mass and bone deterioration… diet can prevent when supplemented with calcium and vitamin D… weighted exercises, no smoking/alcohol
What calcification of joints are there? (3)
- Fibrous joints
- Cartilaginous joints
- Synovial joints
What are the characteristics of synovial joints:
They allow movement between bones and are distinguished by:
-ARTICULAR CARTILAGE(on end of bones and contact with each other)
-JOINT CAPSULE ( synovial membrane and fibrous capsule)
-JOINT CAVITY (synovial fluid, lubricates joint)
-BURSAE (small fluid sacs found at friction points)
-INTRINSIC LIGAMENTS (thick bands of fibrous connective tissue that help thicken/reinforce joint capsule)
-EXTRINSIC LIGAMENTS (separate from joint capsule and help reinforce joint)
What are ball and socket, and gliding joints:
BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS: (spheroidal) the ball at one bone fits into the socket of another…this allows movement around 3 axes0 humerus rests in the glenoid cavity so hip
GLIDING JOINTS: (plane or arthroidal) connects flat/slightly curved bone surfaces that glide against eachother- tarsals among carpals so foot
