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Perception > Chapter 5 - The Auditory System: Sound and Ear > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - The Auditory System: Sound and Ear Flashcards

1
Q

audition

A

sense of hearing with particular reference to the sensory aspects involved in that process. This is distinguished from the term acoustics, which refers only to the study of the physical characteristics of sound and sound waves

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2
Q

inertia

A

tendency of a body to maintain its state of motion, whether it is at rest (zero) or moving in a particular direction

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3
Q

elasticity

A

property that enables an object to recover from distortion to its original shape

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4
Q

tuning fork

A

narrow, U-shaped metal bar that produces a single tone whose sound characteristics are determined by the length of the prongs/tines

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5
Q

simple harmonic motion

A

back and forth repetitive movement through an equilibrium point where the maximum displacement on both sides is equal and the interval of each complete vibration is the same, as exemplified by the prongs of a tuning fork or pendulum

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6
Q

sinusoidal function

A

smoothly varying back and forth change in some parameter that is described mathematically in terms of a sine wave. An object undergoing simple harmonic motion follows a sinusoidal function, as in the vibrational movement of a tuning fork’s prongs

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7
Q

compression, rarefaction

A

the alternating states of increased and decreased pressure, respectively, on a medium produced by a sound source

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8
Q

pure tone

A

sound that can be represented by a single sinusoidal function of pressure change over time

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9
Q

longitudinal

A

type of wave motion in which the direction of particle movement is parallel to the direction of wave propagation. In sound, the back and forth movement of air particles occurs in the direction that the wave is traveling

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10
Q

amplitude

A

maximum pressure change of sound in one direction relative to the baseline. The greater the displacement of a vibrating body, the greater the amplitude of pressure change in the resulting sound wave.

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11
Q

intensity

A

amount of acoustic energy transmitted through a unit of area in a gien time. Sound intensity is related to the square of sound pressure

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12
Q

bel, decibel

A

measure of relative intensity given by the logarithm of the ratio of a measured sound intensity to that of a standard reference (log [Is/Ir]). One decibel equals one-tenth of a bel.

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13
Q

frequency

A

number of complete cycles per unit of time, which is measures in seconds is denoted as Hertz (Hz)

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14
Q

cycle

A

region spanning two adjacent identical points of a waveform

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15
Q

resonant frequency

A

natural vibrational frequency of an object specified by its mass and stiffness

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16
Q

harmonic series

A

sinusoids, or harmonics, in a musical tone related by a whole number multiple of the lowest or fundamental frequency. If the fundamental frequency is 100Hz, then the harmonic frequency is 200, 300, 400Hz, and so on

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17
Q

fundamental frequency

A

lowest frequency in a harmonic series. Also known as the first harmonic

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18
Q

noise

A

aperiodic sound waveform composed of a broad range of frequencies with a random distribution of amplitudes

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19
Q

white noise

A

noise waveform that results from combining all frequencies within a certain range, each having the same amplitude

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20
Q

Fourier analysis

A

mathematical operation that deconstructs a complex wave pattern into a specific set of sive-wave functions, each with a perticular frequency and amplitude

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21
Q

Fourier spectrum

A

result of Fourier analysis ass depicted in the frequency domain. The amplitude of each sine-wave component is plotted as a function of its frequency

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22
Q

Ohm’s law of hearing

A

notion that the ear processes the spectral components of complex sound wave after performing a type of Fournier analysis

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23
Q

inverse square law

A

sound intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance

24
Q

diffraction

A

bending of waves around small objects

25
Q

reverberation time

A

time required for a reflected sound by be reduced by 60 dB after sound from the source is extinguished. the created the total sound absorption in a room, the smaller the reverberation time

26
Q

anatomical parts of the ear

A

outer (pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane)
middle (auditory ossicles - malleus, incus, stapes - eustachian tube, oval window, round window)
inner (bony labyrinth: semicircular canals, cochlea - basilar membrane - ; vestibulocochlear nerve)

27
Q

pinna

A

cartilagineous structure located on the side of the head. Its main function is to channel sound waves into the external auditory canal

28
Q

external auditory canal

A

narrow canal that transmits sound from the pinna to the eardrum

29
Q

tympanic membrane

A

tough membrane that closes off the external auditory canal in its innermost margin. Commonly called the eardrum, it vibrated in response to acoustic sound pressures

30
Q

eustachian tube

A

narrow tube that connects the middle ear and the nasopharynx (back of the throat). Its main purpose it to ventilate the middle ear chamber and equalize any pressure differences between it and the outside atmosphere

31
Q

ossicles

A

three of the smallest bones in the body that are connected and involved in sound transmission through the middle ear
malleaus, incus, stapes

32
Q

vestibular system

A

sensory organ that detects sels-movements due to disturbances of fluid within a system of canals in the inner ear

33
Q

cochlea

A

coiled, fluid-filled bony chamber within the temporal lobe where sound energy is transduce into neural signals. Also reffered to in broad terms as the inner ear

34
Q

frequency theory

A

basilar membrane vibrates in its entirety to the full range of frequencies that are audible to humans and these vibrations are then directly encoded by the firing rate of auditory neurons

35
Q

place theory

A

vibrational amplitude of the basilar membrane is not uniform, but rather, it is maximal at the point where its resonant frequency coincides witht he frequency of the sound stimulus

36
Q

organ of Corti

A

collection of cells and non-cellular structures that make up the receptor organ of hearing. It is located within the cochlear duct and rests upon the basilar membrane

37
Q

hair cells

A

excitable cell characterized by a set of filaments (stereocilia) that protrude from its upper surface. Two different types - outer and inner hair cells - are distinguished on the basis of their location within the organ of Corti

38
Q

stereocilia

A

set of filaments, or a hair bundle, that protrude from the upper surface of both inner and outer hair cells. The filaments are arranged in rows or varying lengths

39
Q

tectorial membrane

A

gelatinous membrane that overlies the cellular elements of the organ of Corti. It is attached to the basilar membrane by way of the stereocilia on the outer hair cells

40
Q

tip link

A

very thin filament that connects two stereocilia. These fine fibres are believed to be connected to molecular gates at ionic pores

41
Q

cochlear microphonic

A

alternating current generated by the movement of stereocilia belonging to the outer hair cells during acoustic stimulation of the organ of Corti

42
Q

vistibulocochlear nerve

A

nerve bundle that carries auditory signals out of the cochlea to higher centres of the nervous system

43
Q

spiral ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies that follows the cochlear spiral. Nerve fibres arising from these neurons innervate hair cells of the cochlea

44
Q

tuning curve

A

plot of the minimum sound intensity required to obtain a criterion neural response as a function of sound frequency

45
Q

characteristic frequency

A

sound frequency at which the lowest sound intensity is required to produce a sufficient neural response in a single auditory fibre. This is the frequency at which the fibre is most sensitive

46
Q

frequency response curve (FRC)

A

plot of the neural discharge rate as a function of sound frequency. FRC’s for any given auditory fibre are usually shown at different sound intensity levels

47
Q

phase-locked response

A

neural firing that has a precise timing relationship to the sound waveform, either linked to each compressive portion or spaced our every few cucles

48
Q

subcortical auditory structures

A

collection of neurons that make up a defined anatomical unit residing below the cerebral cortex, usually in the brain stem or thalamus

49
Q

monaural

A

related to round stimulation of one ear alone. Monaural neurons can only be triggered by sound stimulation from the ear on that side

50
Q

isofrequency sheets

A

single layer of neurons in the inferior colliculus that all display the same characteristic frequency

51
Q

olivocochlear neurons

A

neurons in the superior olive that belonf to the descending system and give rise to efferent fibres that project to the cochlea and innervate the hair cells

52
Q

summation response

A

type of binaural interaction where a neuron is excited by sound stimulation of both ears

53
Q

suppression response

A

type of binaural interaction where a neuron is excited by one ear and inhibited by the other

54
Q

conductive loss

A

impairment of found transmission through the outer and middle ear components resulting in reduced transfer of sound energy to the cochlea

55
Q

sensorineural loss

A

impairment in cochlear function or the neural elements of the inner ear resulting in loss or reduced auditory function

Perception (6 decks)

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