Chapter 5 Syntax

Question 1

object

Answer 1

the expression that occurs immediately to the right of the verb

Question 2

subject

Answer 2

the English- the expression that usually occurs immediately to the left of the verb.

Question 3

grammatical

Answer 3

syntactically well-formed

Question 4

ungrammatical

Answer 4

syntactically ill-formed

Question 5

syntax

Answer 5

A component of mental grammar that deals with constructing phrasal expressions out of smaller expressions. (the study of how expressions combine)

Question 6

principle of compositionality

Answer 6

the meaning of a sentence depends on the meaning of the expressions it contains and on the way they are syntactically combined.

Question 7

grammatical judgement

Answer 7

a reflection of speakers’ mental grammar and not a test of their conscious knowledge of the prescriptive rules

Question 8

linguistic expressions

Answer 8

Is a piece of language 1)- that has a certain form (what it sounds like) 2)- a certain meaning - and most relevantly, 3)- some syntactic properties as well.

Question 9

word order

Answer 9

how expressions are allowed to be ordered with respect to one another

Question 10

co-occurrence

Answer 10

If some expression occurs in a sentence, what other expressions can or must co-occur with it in that sentence.

Question 11

complements

Answer 11

non-subject arguments

Question 12

adjunct

Answer 12

certain kinds of expressions whose occurrence in a sentence are purely optional

Question 13

syntactic constituents

Answer 13

certain groups of expressions within a larger phrase can form a syntactic unit (smaller expressions out of which the phrase was constructed)

Question 14

cleft

Answer 14

a kind of sentence in which some constituent is displaced (or moved) to the left

Question 15

sentential complement verb

Answer 15

verbs that require a complement of category “S” to form a VP

Question 16

ditransitive verbs (DTV)

Answer 16

verbs that require 2 NP complements and a subject NP argument

Question 17

transitive verbs (TV)

Answer 17

verbs that require a NP complement to form a VP

Question 18

verb phrase (VP)

Answer 18

consists of those expressions that, when combined with an NP on their left,will result in a sentence, that is an expression of category “S”

Question 19

noun phrase (NP)

Answer 19

consist of personal pronouns (he, she, you, it, we, etc.) proper names and any other expressions that have the same distribution

Question 20

N adjuncts

Answer 20

adjectives combined with nouns

Question 21

VP adjuncts

Answer 21

adverbs combined with a VP to form an expression of category VP

Question 22

syntactic categories

Answer 22

consists of a set of expressions that have very similar syntactic properties

Question 23

intransitive verbs

Answer 23

verbs that require no complements

Question 24

sentence(S)

Answer 24

a syntactic category that consist of all phrasal expressions that can grammatically occur

Question 25

prepositional phrase(PP)

Answer 25

the name of a syntactic category that consist of those expressions that contain a preposition and a noun phrase

Question 26

preposition

Answer 26

the name of a lexical category and a syntactic category that consist of expressions such as of, in, for, with, etc.

Question 27

adverb (ADV)

Answer 27

the name of a lexical category and a syntactic category that consists of expressions such as quickly, well, furiously, etc.

Question 28

adjective (ADJ)

Answer 28

the name of a lexical category and a syntactic category. Morphologically consist of words to which the comparative suffix -er or the suffix -ness can be added

Question 29

determiner (Det)

Answer 29

the name of a lexical category and a syntactic category that consists of expressions such as the, a, this, all, etc.

Question 30

noun (N)

Answer 30

the name of a lexical category and a syntactic category. Morphologically consists of words to which the plural suffix -s or the suffix -like can be added

Question 31

homophonous

Answer 31

expressions that correspond to the same single word form Ex. mole- rodent, growth on skin
Ex. Sally has a fast car - adj
Sally walks fast - adv

Question 32

lexical ambiguity

Answer 32

the kind of ambiguity exemplified by bank (same form but 2 very different meanings)
- a single word corresponds to distinct expressions that differ in meaning, syntactic properties or both

Question 33

ambiguous

Answer 33

a form that is shared by more that one expression

Question 34

ambiguity

Answer 34

the phenomenon by which a single linguistic form (e.g. word or string of words) can be the form of more than one distinct linguistic expression

Question 35

phrasal structure rules

Answer 35

rules used to capture patterns of syntactic combinations
-similar in form to lexical entries
-contain only names of syntactic categories
Ex. S — NPVP

Question 36

argument

Answer 36

expressions with co-occurrence requirements

Question 37

modifiers

Answer 37

additional information about the expression (attributive adjectives- adjuncts) sometimes called modifiers

Question 38

agreement

Answer 38

distinct expressions in a sentence may be required to have the same value for some grammatical feature in which case we say that they agree with respect to that feature

Question 39

substitution

Answer 39

a test that involves replacing a constituent with a single word or simple phrase

Question 40

pro-form

Answer 40

best words to use for substitution test- pro-nouns, he/him, she/her, it, they/them, one, that, pro-verbs do (so), be, have, then, such