Chapter 5 Syntax

Question 1

Adjunct

Answer 1

A linguistic expression whose occurrence in a sentence is optional: also called a modifier.

Question 2

Adverb

Answer 2

The name of a lexical category and a syntactic category that consists of expressions such as quickly, well, furiously, etc.Syntactically, adverbs can be verb phrase adjuncts.

Question 3

Agreement

Answer 3

The phenomenon by which certain expressions in a sentence (e.g. a verb and its subject) must be inflectional marked for the same person, number, gender, etc.

Question 4

Argumen

Answer 4

A linguistic expression that must occur in a sentence of some other expression occurs in that sentence as well. If the occurrence of an expression X in a sentence requires the occurrence of an expression Y in the sentence, we say that Y is an argument of X.

Question 5

Cleft

Answer 5

A type of sentence that has the general form It is/ was X that Y, e.g. It was Sally that wanted to meet. Can be used as a constituency test.

Question 6

Complement

Answer 6

A non subject argument of some expression.

Question 7

Compositionality

Answer 7

The principle of compositionality underlies the design feature of productivity.

Question 8

Constituent

Answer 8

Reveal the syntactic of the sentence; in other words, they show how the sentence was built out of smaller expressions.

Question 9

Conjunct

Answer 9

An argument of a coordinating conjunction such as and or, or.

Question 10

Co-Occurrence

Answer 10

The set of syntactic properties that determines which expressions may or have to co-occur with some other expressions in a sentence.

Question 11

Distransitive Verb

Answer 11

The name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with two expressions of category noun phrase to their right result in a verb phrase. A verb that needs two noun phrase complements.

Question 12

Expression

Answer 12

A linguistic expression is just a piece of language it has certain form( e.g.what it sounds like), a certain meaning, and , most relevantly, some syntactic properties as well. These syntactic properties determine how the expression can combine with other expressions.

Question 13

Grammatically judgment

Answer 13

An instance of a native speaker of some language deciding whether some string of words corresponds to a syntactically well-formed or grammatical phrasal expression in their native language.

Question 14

Intransitive Verb

Answer 14

The name for the set of lexical expressions whose syntactic category is verb phrase.

Question 15

Lexical Ambiguity

Answer 15

The phenomenon where a single word is the form of two or more distinct linguistic expressions that differ in meaning or syntactic properties.

Question 16

Lexical Entry

Answer 16

A representation of a lexical expression and its linguistic properties within a descriptive grammar of some language. A collection of lexical entries constitutes the lexicon. A lexical entry has the form f- X, Where f is the form of some particular lexical expression, and X is its syntactic category.

Question 17

Lexical Expression

Answer 17

A linguistic expression that has to be listed in the mental lexicon,e.g. single-word expression and idioms.

Question 18

LInguistic Expression

Answer 18

A piece of language with a form, a meaning, and syntactic properties.

Question 19

Morphosyntax

Answer 19

The name for syntax and morphology considered jointly as a single component of grammar.

Question 20

Modifiers

Answer 20

A word, especially an adjective or noun used attributively, that restricts or adds to the sense of a head noun.(e.g. Sally likes small dogs). This sentence tells us that Sally likes dogs but specifically small dogs in general. The adjective small modifies the meaning of dogs.For this reason adjuncts are sometimes called modifiers.

Question 21

Noun Adjunct

Answer 21

A kind of adjunct that combines with an expression of syntactic category noun with the resulting expression also being of category noun.

Question 22

Noun Phrase

Answer 22

The name of a syntactic category that consists of proper names, pronouns, and all other expressions with the same syntactic distribution.

Question 23

Object

Answer 23

A noun phrase that usually occurs immediately to the right if the verb in English. A noun phrase complement.

Question 24

Phrasal Expression

Answer 24

A linguistic expression that results from the syntactic combination of smaller expression. A multi- word linguistic expression. A sentence is a special kind of phrasal expression.

Question 25

Phrase Structure Tree

Answer 25

A visual representation of how phrases are constructed within a descriptive grammar, given the lexicon and the phrase structure rules.

Question 26

Prepositional Phrase

Answer 26

The name of a syntactic category that consist of those expressions that contain a preposition and a noun phrase. Can be verb phrase adjuncts or noun adjuncts.

Question 27

Principle of Compositionality

Answer 27

The notion that the meaning of a phrasal expression is predictable from the meaning of the expression it contains and how they were syntactically combined.

Question 28

Sentence

Answer 28

A syntactic category that consists of all phrasal expression that can grammatically occur in Sally thinks that……..

Question 29

Sentential Complement Verb

Answer 29

The name of a syntactic category that consists of those expression that if combined with a sentence to their right result in a verb phrase; a verb that needs a sentence as its complement.

Question 30

Structural Ambiguity

Answer 30

The phenomenon where a single string of words ( or morphemes) is the form of more than one distinct phrasal expression ( or word): Arises because the same expression can combine different syntactically resulting in distinct phrases that happen to have the same form.

Question 31

Subject

Answer 31

An expression, typically a noun phrase, that occurs to the left of the verb phrase in an English sentence.

Question 32

Syntactic Category

Answer 32

A group of expressions that have very similar syntactic properties. All expressions that belong to the same syntactic category have more or less the same syntactic distribution.

Question 33

Syntactic Constituent:

Answer 33

A group of linguistic expressions that function as a syntactic unit within some larger expression; the smaller expression out of which some larger phrasal expression was constructed in accordance with phrase structure rules.

Question 34

Syntactic Distribution

Answer 34

Refers to the set of syntactic environment in which an expression can occur. If two expressions are interchangeable in all syntactic environments, we say that they have the same syntactic distribution, and therefore belong to the same syntactic category.

Question 35

Syntactic Properties

Answer 35

Properties of linguistic expression that dictate how they can syntactically combine with other expressions, namely, word order and co-occurrence properties.

Question 36

Topicalization

Answer 36

A syntactic process by which (in English) a syntactic constituent occurs the beginning of a sentence in order to highlight the topic under discussion.

Question 37

Transitive Verb

Answer 37

The name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with an expression of category noun phrase to their right result in verb phrase, a verb that needs a noun phrase complement.

Question 38

Verb Phrase

Answer 38

The name of a syntactic category that consists of all expressions which if combined with a noun phrase to their left result in a sentence.

Question 39

Verb Phrase Adjunct

Answer 39

A kind of adjunct that combine with an expression of syntactic category verb phrase with the resulting expression also begin of category verb phrase.

Question 40

Word Order

Answer 40

The linear order in which words can occur in some phrasal expression. Also, the set of syntactic properties of expressions that dictates how they can be ordered with respect to other expression.