Chapter 5 - Structure And Function Of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates make a mes.
1) main source of energy for cells, especially glucose.
2) energy storage. Plans use starch; animals use glycogen.
3) structure. Plans walls are made of cellulose, the exoskeletons of insects and crabs are made of chitin.
What are the classes of large biological molecules?
Polysaccharides Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids (First 3 macromolecules)
What type of lipids are essential for cell membranes?
Phospholipid.
What is a polymer?
Made up of a string of monomers.
What are monomers in Nucleic acids called?
Nucleotides.
What happens in a dehydration reaction?
Water is released and we get the effect of adding the monomer onto it.
What happens in a hydrolytic reaction?
Water is required to split bond and create a monomer separate from polymer.
What is a monosaccharide?
Simple sugars used for cellular energy.
What are the two groups based on location of carbonyl group in monosaccharides?
Aldehyde (glucose) and ketone. (Fructose)
How do monosaccharides differ?
1) location of carbonyl group
2) length of carbon chain
3) groups attached to asymmetric carbons.
What structure do most sugars form when in aqueous solutions?
Rings.
What are disaccharides?
Two monosaccharides joined by glycoside linkage. (Formed by debydration reaction)
What is a polysaccharide?
Carbohydrates that are macromolecules. (3 or more monosaccharides) joined by glycosidic linkages.
What is the monomer for starch?
Glucose.
Where do plants store starch?
Plastids.
What is the link ratio of amylose?
a- 1,4
What is the chain ratio of amylopectin?
a-1,6
What is the function of glycogen?
Rich energy storage molecules.
What are the functions of polysaccharides?
Storage and structure
What is cellulose?
Component in plant cell walls
What is the enzyme used to break down starch?
Amylase.
What are the monomers of cellulose?
Glucose.
What is chitin?
Found in exoskeleton or insects, crabs and fungal cell walls
What bond is formed from dehydration reaction of fatty acids joining glycerol?
Ester bond.
How is triglyceride formed?
3 fatty acids joined to the glycerol molecule.
Describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in regards to bonding?
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds. (Animal fats) unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds which produced kinks (Cis)
What polarity do C-H bonds have?
Relatively non-polar.
Why do fats separate from water?
Because the water molecules hydrogen bond to one another and the process excludes the fats.
What kind of molecules are phospholipids?
Amphipathic: hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids.
What is a polypeptide?
Unbranched polymers of amino acids
A protein consists of one or more _____.
Polypeptides.
What are the functions of protein?
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions. Structure/support. Storage. Movement. Transport. Coordination/hormonal. Receptor Defense (antigens)
At cellular pH, the Carboxyl and amino groups are usually ______.
Ionized.
Amino acids can be grouped into four classes based on their R groups:
Non polar
Polar
Basic (+)
Acidic (-)
What kind of peptide bond forms when amino acids are joined by a dehydration reaction?
Peptide bond.
