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Sociology 1100 Final > Chapter 5 Socialization > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Socialization Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Socialization

A

The lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture

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2
Q

Define Personality

A

A person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting

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3
Q

The biological sciences: the role of nature

A

Initially, Europeans linked cultural differences to biology

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4
Q

The social sciences: the role of nurture

A

Behaviourism holds that behaviour is not instinctive but learned

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5
Q

What can isolation (being cut off from the social world) cause?

A

Permanent developmental damage

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6
Q

Six researchers that have made lasting contributions to our understanding of human development***:

A
  1. Sigmund Freud
  2. Jean Piaget***
  3. Lawrence Kohlberg
  4. Carol Gilligan - Gender
  5. George Herbert Mead
  6. Erik H. Erikson
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7
Q

Freud’s model of personality:

A

Id: Basic Drives
Ego: Efforts to achieve balance
Superego: culture within
Id and Superego are in constant states of conflict, with the ego balancing the two

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8
Q

Contributions Freud made that were notes by sociologists:

A
  • Internalization of social norms

- Childhood experiences have lasting effects

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9
Q

Define Cognition:

A

How people think and understand

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10
Q

Jean Piaget’s stages of development:

A
  • Sensorimotor stage: experience world through senses
  • Preoperational stage: use of language and other symbols
  • Concrete operational stage: perception of casual connections in surroundings
  • Formal operational stage: abstract, critical thinking
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11
Q

Critical Review for Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

A
  • Different from Freud, viewing the mind as active and creative
  • Cognitive stages are the result of biological maturation and social experience
  • Do people in all societies pass through Piaget’s four stages?
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12
Q

Define moral reasoning:

A

The ways in which individuals judge situations as right or wrong

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13
Q

Three stages in moral development (Lawrence Kohlberg)

A
  • Preconventional: Young children experience the world as pain or pleasure
  • Conventional: Teens lose selfishness as they learn to define right from wrong in terms of what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms
  • Post-conventional: Final stage, considers abstract ethical principles
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14
Q

Critical Review of Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

A
  • Like Piaget, viewed moral development as stages
  • Many people don’t reach the final stage
  • Research limited to boys, generalized to population
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15
Q

Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Gender and Moral development compared:

A

Boys and girls moral reasoning

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16
Q

The difference between boys and girls moral reasoning (Carol Gilligan):

A
  • Boys develop a justice perspective (formal rules define right and wrong)
  • Girls develop a care and responsibility perspective (personal relationships define ethical reasoning)
  • Girls are socialized to be controlled and eager to please
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17
Q

Critical Review of Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Gender and Moral Development

A
  • Does nature or nurture account for the differences in males and females
  • Many feminists do not agree with essentializing differences
  • Male and female morals will probably become more similar as more women enter the workplace
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18
Q

Define Self:

A

The part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image
- develops only from social interaction

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19
Q

Social experience is:

A

The exchange of symbols

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20
Q

Understanding intention requires:

A

Imagining the situation from the other’s point of view

- By taking the role of the other, we become self-aware

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21
Q

The looking-glass self: who represents a mirror in which we see our selves?

A
  • Other people represent a mirror in which we see ourselves
22
Q

The looking-glass self: what is our self image based on?

A

How we think others see us

23
Q

Mead’s I and Me:

A

The I (subjective element is in constant interplay with the Me (objective element)

24
Q

Development of the self: Play

A

Taking the roles of significant others (like parents)

25
Q

Development of the self: Imitation

A

Infants mimic behaviour without understanding intentions

26
Q

Development of self: Games

A

Taking the roles of several others at once and following the rules

27
Q

Development of self: Generalized other

A

Widespread cultural norms and values we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves

28
Q

Critical Review of George Herbert Mead’s Theory of the Social Self

A

Mead doesn’t allow biological elements

29
Q

Erik H. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development

A

Stage 1- Infancy: trust (vs mistrust)
Stage 2- Toddlerhood: autonomy (vs doubt and shame)
Stage 3- Preschool: initiative (vs guilt)
Stage 4- Preadolescence: Industrious (vs inferiority)
Stage 5- Adolescence: Gaining identity (vs isolation)
Stage 6- Young adulthood: Intimacy (vs isolation)
Stage 7- Middle adulthood: Making a difference (vs self-absorption)
Stage 8- Old Age: Integrity (vs despair)

30
Q

Critical Review of Erik Erikson’s Eight stages of Development

A
  • Theory views personality as a lifelong process and success at one stage prepares us for the next challenge
  • Critics: not everyone confronts the challenges in the same order
  • Not clear if failure to meet one challenge predicts failure in other stages
31
Q

Four Agents of Socialization

A
  1. Family
  2. School
  3. Peer group
  4. Mass media
32
Q

The Family is:

A

The most important agent of socialization (Primary socialization agent)

  • A loving family produces a happy and well-ajusted child
  • Gender socialization
33
Q

Important factors involving the Family as an agent of socialization

A
  • Parental attention is very important (bonding and encouragement)
  • Household environment (stimulates development)
  • Social Status (like social class of ethnicity
34
Q

Four parenting styles are:

A
  • Authoritarian
  • Authoritative
  • Neglectful
  • Permissive
35
Q

Describe Authoritarian parenting style:

A

Parents set many rules, not the best parenting style, children are never given the opportunity to make choices so when they grow up they don’t know how to make their own decisions.

36
Q

Describe Authoritative parenting style: (Known as the best option)

A

According to parenting experts, this is the best style. Kids are involved in decision making. Parents are still very much in control and have expectations, but the child is also provided with a voice and can make decisions. Works really well because it is fluid, kids learn to be resilient. e.g.. bowling bumpers

37
Q

Describe Neglectful parenting style:

A

The people who don’t really like their children, maybe didn’t want them but ended up pregnant. May come from, illness, poverty. They don’t care to have a relationship with their kids.

38
Q

Describe Permissive parenting style:

A

The mom or dad that wants to be the best friend. Permissive parents are afraid that their children aren’t going to like them so they follow their kids around and the kids call the shots. Not considered a good parenting style because children are not challenged. Parents are likely to let their kids off the hook. Permissive parents still keep track of where their kids are and generally show up. They generally allow underage drinking, party with teenagers. The kid generally turns into a little shit.

39
Q

The School allows people to:

A
  • Experience diversity (racial and gender clustering)
  • Gender socialization continues (from grade school through college, gender-linked activities are encountered)
  • Hidden curriculum (informal, covert lessons)
  • First bureaucracy (rules and schedule)
40
Q

The Peer group is:

A
  • A social group whose members have interests, social position and age in common
  • Parts trump peers every time
41
Q

Define Anticipatory socialization:

A

Learning that helps achieve a desired position (trying different activities, dressing differently, travelling)

42
Q

The Peer group gives you:

A
  • A sense of self beyond the family

- Peers often govern short-term goals while parents influence long-term plans

43
Q

The Mass Media:

A

Impersonal communications aimed at a wide audience

44
Q

The Mass media in regards to television:

A
  • Canadian children watch television well before they learn to read
  • The average Canadian watches 21 hours of tv per week
  • Television renders children less likely to use their imaginations
45
Q

What is the Mass Media’s goal?

A

The Mass Media’s goal is to make you feel unhappy with yourself and your belongings so you will buy the products they are advertising (consumerism)

46
Q

Define Cohort:

A

A category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age.

47
Q

Each stage of life is:

A

Linked to the biological process, but it is also socially constructed

48
Q

Define Total Institution:

A

A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff (eg military camp)

49
Q

Three characteristics of a total institution according to Erving Goffman:

A
  1. Staff supervise all daily life activities
  2. Environment is standardized
  3. Formal rules and daily schedules
50
Q

Define Resocialization:

A

Radically changing someone’s personality by carefully controlling the environment

Sociology 1100 Final (1 decks)

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