Chapter 5 - Reading Buildings Flashcards by Travis Morrissey

______is nothing more than static and dynamic weights that are applied to buildings

loads

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______is the weight of the building and anything permanently attached to it

dead load

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____ refers to any force or weight, other than the building itself, that a building must carry or absorb

live load

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5 ways a live load can be delivered to a building

concentrated
distributed
static
suspended
impact

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loads cause stress and strain on a building and this is called _______

force

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3 ways that a load can be imposed

axially
eccentrically
torsionally

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axial load is imposed….

through the centroid of another object (something put a on a beam that is running vertically)

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eccentric load is imposed….

off center to another object (like books on a wall shelf)

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torsional load is imposed….

in a manner to cause another object to twist. (a side force pushing on the shelf)

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3 types of force

compression (push)
tension (pull)
shear (perpendicular force)

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4 characteristics of a building’s material

type (wood, steep, concrete)
shape
orientation (vertical/horizontal)
mass (density)

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brittle vs. ductile

these are the 2 classifications on how materials will react when imposed to loads and resistance to forces.
brittle - material will fracture or fail
ductile - materials will bend, deflect, or stretch while retaining some strength

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a _____ material will break before it bends

brittle

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a _____ materials will bend before it breaks

ductile

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Two types of wood used for building

native (cut from a tree)

engineered ( host of products that consist of many pieces of wood….like chips or sawdust)

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_______ is a ductile material that has excellent tensile, shear, and compression strength

steel

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a steel ____ is used for compression forces and shaped as a ___ or _____ and is typically oriented vertically

column

square, circle

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a steel _____ will be shaped as an I when viewed and is typically oriented ______

beam

horizontally

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Cold-drawn steel, such as cables, bolts, rebar, and lightweight fasteners loose 55% of its strength at _____ degrees

800

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Extruded structural steel used for beams and columns loses 50% of its stregth at _____ degrees

1,100

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structural steel _________ or ______ as temperatures rise

elongates, expands

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cured concrete has excellent _______ strength

compressive

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concrete has poor _________ and _____ strength

tensile, shear

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______ is added to concrete for reinforcement

steel

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_________ refers to the crumbling and loss of concrete material when exposed to heat.

spalling

concrete behavior when exposed to heat

it will slowly absorb and retain the heat

a _____ wall only supports its own weight and is commonly used as a decorative finish

veneer

a masonry wall relies on ____ imposed compression forces to keep it strong

axially (top to bottom) if a wood roof that was on top of the wall burns away, the wall is weaker because the roof weight was compressing the masonry wall, making it stronger

a _____ is any structural element that transmits a compression force axially through its center

column

a _____ is a structural element that transfers loads perpendicularly to its imposed load

beam

the top of the beam is subject to ______ forces while the bottom is subject to _____ forces

compressive, tension

a _____ beam is supported at two points near its ends

simple

a ______ beam is supported in three or more places

continuous

a _____ beam is supported at only one end

cantilever (balcony)

a _____ beam spans an opening in a load bearing masonry wall

lintel (window or garage door opening)

a _____ is a beam that carries other beams

girder

a _____ is wood framing that support floors or roof sheeting

joist

a _____ is a series of triangles used to form an open-web structural element to act as a beam

truss

a _____ is a series of beams placed perpendicularly to other trusses or beams to help support roof decing

purlin

3 types of trusses

triangular (peaked roof construction) parallel (flat roof) arched (top is curved, bottom is straight)

connections are loaded in _____ force most of the time

shear

3 general types of connections

pinned rigid gravity

bolts, nails, and rivets are ______ type of connections

pinned

rebar in concrete, beaded welds, and adhesives are considered _____ connections

rigid

a beam sitting in a masonry wall pocket is a _____ connection

gravity

building era - 1700 - ww1

founder's era

building era - ww1 - ww2

industrial era

building era - ww2 to roughly 1980

legacy

building era - 1980s to present

lightweight

Name that Era - Major fires present the threat of wall collapse

founders

Name that Era - most floor to wall connections use gravity

founders

Name that Era - lots of combustible voids

founders

Name that Era - major collapse threat from roofs

industrial

Name that Era - ballon framing

industrial

Name that Era - floors placed on a shelf (ribbon board)

industrial

Name that Era - curtain wall use

legacy

a _______ is a non-load-bearing wall that supports only itself and is used only to keep weather out

curtain wall

Name that Era - plywood replaced wood slats for flooring and roof decking

legacy

Name that Era - platform framing

legacy

a _____ is used to support walls that are collapsing outward

spreader

Name that Era - low mass structural elements

lightweight

Name that Era - high surface to mass ratio

lightweight

Name that Era - this era's building collapse very quickly in fire conditions

lightweight

Name that Era - truss system, but it technically started in the 19__'s

lightweight, 60

Name that Era - prescription to perforance building

lightweight

order of building era's - oldest to newest

founders industrial legacy lightweight

order of building eras - newest to oldest

lightweight legacy industrial founders

Name that Era - brought larger interior spaces for most buildings

legacy

Name that Era - drywall replaced lath and plaster

legacy

4 construction influences when sizing up a building

occupancy type building era building use building size

To predict collapse, the ISO uses a classic ______ method

identity-analyze-decide

5 steps of the identity-analyze-decide

Step 1. Classify the building’s construction using the type/era/use/size approach. ■ Step 2. Determine structural involvement (read the smoke and flames). ■ Step 3. Visualize and trace loads. ■ Step 4. Evaluate time. ■ Step 5. Predict and communicate collapse potential (foundation for zoning).

Who can start a precautionary withdrawal?

the IC

what is A directive for crews to exit a building interior or roof in an orderly manner, bringing hoses and tools along.

precautionary withdrawal

what is A seemingly decorative star or other metal plate used to distribute force over more bricks or blocks as part of an unseen corrective measure that exists inside a building.

spreader

what type of load that is imposed in a manner that causes another object to twist.

torsional load

what is A beam that carries other beams.

girder

what is A load that is imposed off-center to another object.

eccentric load

what is A load that is imposed through the centroid of another object.

axial load

ive-step process that incorporates the identify–analyze–decide method of decision making:

1. Identify the building classification using a type/era/use/size approach. 2. Identify the fire and heat (smoke) locations, and determine whether structural elements are being attacked. 3. Analyze the transference of loads that pass through the building and envision weak links. 4. Analyze the passage of time and its impact on materials. 5. Determine collapse potential and communicate warnings and collapse zones.

early or late? Indicators of collapse include sagging floors and roofs, cracks in masonry, settling noises, bulging or leaning walls, signs of construction or alteration, and large-volume fires attacking structural elements.

late

Collapse potential should be communicated using one of three options that are based on urgency are

emergency evacuation precautionary withdrawal planning awareness

Imposed loads create a resistive force in the materials they are acting on. The forces can be either ....

compression (crushing) tension (pulling) or shear (tearing).

The three ways loads are imposed are

axially (through the center) eccentrically (off-center) and torsionally (through twisting).