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Safety Officer > Chapter 5 - Reading Buildings > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Reading Buildings Flashcards

1
Q

______is nothing more than static and dynamic weights that are applied to buildings

A

loads

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2
Q

______is the weight of the building and anything permanently attached to it

A

dead load

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3
Q

____ refers to any force or weight, other than the building itself, that a building must carry or absorb

A

live load

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4
Q

5 ways a live load can be delivered to a building

A 
concentrated
distributed
static
suspended
impact
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5
Q

loads cause stress and strain on a building and this is called _______

A

force

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6
Q

3 ways that a load can be imposed

A

axially
eccentrically
torsionally

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7
Q

axial load is imposed….

A

through the centroid of another object (something put a on a beam that is running vertically)

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8
Q

eccentric load is imposed….

A

off center to another object (like books on a wall shelf)

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9
Q

torsional load is imposed….

A

in a manner to cause another object to twist. (a side force pushing on the shelf)

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10
Q

3 types of force

A

compression (push)
tension (pull)
shear (perpendicular force)

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11
Q

4 characteristics of a building’s material

A

type (wood, steep, concrete)
shape
orientation (vertical/horizontal)
mass (density)

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12
Q

brittle vs. ductile

A

these are the 2 classifications on how materials will react when imposed to loads and resistance to forces.
brittle - material will fracture or fail
ductile - materials will bend, deflect, or stretch while retaining some strength

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13
Q

a _____ material will break before it bends

A

brittle

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14
Q

a _____ materials will bend before it breaks

A

ductile

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15
Q

Two types of wood used for building

A

native (cut from a tree)

engineered ( host of products that consist of many pieces of wood….like chips or sawdust)

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16
Q

_______ is a ductile material that has excellent tensile, shear, and compression strength

A

steel

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17
Q

a steel ____ is used for compression forces and shaped as a ___ or _____ and is typically oriented vertically

A

column

square, circle

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18
Q

a steel _____ will be shaped as an I when viewed and is typically oriented ______

A

beam

horizontally

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19
Q

Cold-drawn steel, such as cables, bolts, rebar, and lightweight fasteners loose 55% of its strength at _____ degrees

A

800

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20
Q

Extruded structural steel used for beams and columns loses 50% of its stregth at _____ degrees

A

1,100

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21
Q

structural steel _________ or ______ as temperatures rise

A

elongates, expands

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22
Q

cured concrete has excellent _______ strength

A

compressive

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23
Q

concrete has poor _________ and _____ strength

A

tensile, shear

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24
Q

______ is added to concrete for reinforcement

A

steel

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25
Q

_________ refers to the crumbling and loss of concrete material when exposed to heat.

A

spalling

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26
Q

concrete behavior when exposed to heat

A

it will slowly absorb and retain the heat

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27
Q

a _____ wall only supports its own weight and is commonly used as a decorative finish

A

veneer

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28
Q

a masonry wall relies on ____ imposed compression forces to keep it strong

A

axially (top to bottom)

if a wood roof that was on top of the wall burns away, the wall is weaker because the roof weight was compressing the masonry wall, making it stronger

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29
Q

a _____ is any structural element that transmits a compression force axially through its center

A

column

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30
Q

a _____ is a structural element that transfers loads perpendicularly to its imposed load

A

beam

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31
Q

the top of the beam is subject to ______ forces while the bottom is subject to _____ forces

A

compressive, tension

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32
Q

a _____ beam is supported at two points near its ends

A

simple

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33
Q

a ______ beam is supported in three or more places

A

continuous

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34
Q

a _____ beam is supported at only one end

A

cantilever (balcony)

35
Q

a _____ beam spans an opening in a load bearing masonry wall

A

lintel (window or garage door opening)

36
Q

a _____ is a beam that carries other beams

A

girder

37
Q

a _____ is wood framing that support floors or roof sheeting

A

joist

38
Q

a _____ is a series of triangles used to form an open-web structural element to act as a beam

A

truss

39
Q

a _____ is a series of beams placed perpendicularly to other trusses or beams to help support roof decing

A

purlin

40
Q

3 types of trusses

A

triangular (peaked roof construction)
parallel (flat roof)
arched (top is curved, bottom is straight)

41
Q

connections are loaded in _____ force most of the time

A

shear

42
Q

3 general types of connections

A

pinned
rigid
gravity

43
Q

bolts, nails, and rivets are ______ type of connections

A

pinned

44
Q

rebar in concrete, beaded welds, and adhesives are considered _____ connections

A

rigid

45
Q

a beam sitting in a masonry wall pocket is a _____ connection

A

gravity

46
Q

building era - 1700 - ww1

A

founder’s era

47
Q

building era - ww1 - ww2

A

industrial era

48
Q

building era - ww2 to roughly 1980

A

legacy

49
Q

building era - 1980s to present

A

lightweight

50
Q

Name that Era - Major fires present the threat of wall collapse

A

founders

51
Q

Name that Era - most floor to wall connections use gravity

A

founders

52
Q

Name that Era - lots of combustible voids

A

founders

53
Q

Name that Era - major collapse threat from roofs

A

industrial

54
Q

Name that Era - ballon framing

A

industrial

55
Q

Name that Era - floors placed on a shelf (ribbon board)

A

industrial

56
Q

Name that Era - curtain wall use

A

legacy

57
Q

a _______ is a non-load-bearing wall that supports only itself and is used only to keep weather out

A

curtain wall

58
Q

Name that Era - plywood replaced wood slats for flooring and roof decking

A

legacy

59
Q

Name that Era - platform framing

A

legacy

60
Q

a _____ is used to support walls that are collapsing outward

A

spreader

61
Q

Name that Era - low mass structural elements

A

lightweight

62
Q

Name that Era - high surface to mass ratio

A

lightweight

63
Q

Name that Era - this era’s building collapse very quickly in fire conditions

A

lightweight

64
Q

Name that Era - truss system, but it technically started in the 19__’s

A

lightweight, 60

65
Q

Name that Era - prescription to perforance building

A

lightweight

66
Q

order of building era’s - oldest to newest

A

founders
industrial
legacy
lightweight

67
Q

order of building eras - newest to oldest

A

lightweight
legacy
industrial
founders

68
Q

Name that Era - brought larger interior spaces for most buildings

A

legacy

69
Q

Name that Era - drywall replaced lath and plaster

A

legacy

70
Q

4 construction influences when sizing up a building

A

occupancy type
building era
building use
building size

71
Q

To predict collapse, the ISO uses a classic ______ method

A

identity-analyze-decide

72
Q

5 steps of the identity-analyze-decide

A

Step 1. Classify the building’s construction using the type/era/use/size approach.

■ Step 2. Determine structural involvement (read the smoke and flames).

■ Step 3. Visualize and trace loads.

■ Step 4. Evaluate time.

■ Step 5. Predict and communicate collapse potential (foundation for zoning).

73
Q

Who can start a precautionary withdrawal?

A

the IC

74
Q

what is A directive for crews to exit a building interior or roof in an orderly manner, bringing hoses and tools along.

A

precautionary withdrawal

75
Q

what is A seemingly decorative star or other metal plate used to distribute force over more bricks or blocks as part of an unseen corrective measure that exists inside a building.

A

spreader

76
Q

what type of load that is imposed in a manner that causes another object to twist.

A

torsional load

77
Q

what is A beam that carries other beams.

A

girder

78
Q

what is A load that is imposed off-center to another object.

A

eccentric load

79
Q

what is A load that is imposed through the centroid of another object.

A

axial load

80
Q

ive-step process that incorporates the identify–analyze–decide method of decision making:

A
  1. Identify the building classification using a type/era/use/size approach.
  2. Identify the fire and heat (smoke) locations, and determine whether structural elements are being attacked.
  3. Analyze the transference of loads that pass through the building and envision weak links.
  4. Analyze the passage of time and its impact on materials.
  5. Determine collapse potential and communicate warnings and collapse zones.
81
Q

early or late? Indicators of collapse include sagging floors and roofs, cracks in masonry, settling noises, bulging or leaning walls, signs of construction or alteration, and large-volume fires attacking structural elements.

A

late

82
Q

Collapse potential should be communicated using one of three options that are based on urgency are

A

emergency evacuation
precautionary withdrawal
planning awareness

83
Q

Imposed loads create a resistive force in the materials they are acting on. The forces can be either ….

A

compression (crushing)
tension (pulling)
or shear (tearing).

84
Q

The three ways loads are imposed are

A

axially (through the center)
eccentrically (off-center)
and torsionally (through twisting).

Safety Officer (7 decks)

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