Chapter 5: Producing Data

Question 1

Observational study

Answer 1

Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but doesn’t attempt to influence the response

Question 2

Experiment

Answer 2

Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals in order to observe they’re responses
Can help eliminate or reduce the effects of lurking variables

Question 3

Population

Answer 3

Entire group of individuals

Question 4

Census

Answer 4

Attempting to use every member of the population

Question 5

Sample

Answer 5

A subgroup of the population

Question 6

Sampling

Answer 6

Studying a part in order to gain information about the whole

Question 7

Voluntary response sample

Answer 7

People who chose to be a part of the sample by responding to a general appeal

Question 8

Convenience sample

Answer 8

Involves choosing the most convenient individuals from a population for your sample

Question 9

Sample bias

Answer 9

When a sampling system systematically favors certain outcomes

Question 10

Simple random sample (SRS)

Answer 10

A sample size n is selected in such a way that every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected

Question 11

Stratified random sample

Answer 11

1) Divide the population into groups (or strata) of similar individuals
2) Choose a separate SRS for each strata
3) Combine all chosen individuals into the full sample

Question 12

Cluster sample

Answer 12

1) Divide the population into groups or clusters
2) Randomly select some clusters
3) All individuals from the clusters make up the sample

Question 13

Multistage sample design

Answer 13

Select successively smaller groups within a population in stages, resulting in a sample consisting of clusters of individuals

Question 14

Systematic Sample

Answer 14

Inspecting by pattern (i.e. Every 25th unit)

Question 15

Probability sample

Answer 15

Each member of the population has a chance to be selected (not equal chance necessarily)

Question 16

Undercoverage

Answer 16

Occurs when some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample (think a Venn diagram that is not a circle where one circle is the population and the other is the group were taking a sample of)

Question 17

Nonresponse

Answer 17

An individual does not respond

Question 18

Response bias

Answer 18

When an individual chooses the survey answer they believe to be best rather than what’s true

Question 19

Wording of question

Answer 19

May influence a person by leading an individual to a given answer

Question 20

Experimental Units

Answer 20

Individuals on which the experiment is being done

Question 21

Treatment

Answer 21

A condition applied to the units

Question 22

Factors

Answer 22

Explanatory variables

Question 23

Randomized comparative experiment

Answer 23

An experiment that has random assignment and a control or comparison group

Question 24

Statistically significant

Answer 24

Observed affect too large to be due to chance

Question 25

Placebo effect

Answer 25

When a change occurs even when a subject is not given the treatment and only believes they are

Question 26

Block

Answer 26

A group of units that are determined to be similar before the experiment in a way that may affect the results

Question 27

Matched pairs design

Answer 27

1) subjects are matched with themselves and receive the treatment in random order
2) subjects are matched with others and receive different treatments