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Biology - Module 2 > Chapter 5 - Plasma Membrane > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Plasma Membrane Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of membranes

A

• Compartmentalisation

• Isolation of substances e.g. isolating hydrolytic enzymes within the lysosomes, so they don’t escape + break down most of the cellular components

• Site for attachment of enzymes / ribosomes

• Provide selective permeability

• Create concentration gradients

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2
Q

What is compartmentalisation

A

creating organelles within a cell e.g. Mitochondria

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3
Q

Example of isolation

A

isolating hydrolytic enzymes within the lysosomes, so they don’t escape + break down most of the cellular components

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4
Q

What organelles have membranes (7)

A

Lysosomes
Golgi body
ER
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Nucleus

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5
Q

What organelles do not have membranes

A

Centrioles
Ribosomes

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6
Q

What is the model of the membrane called

A

Fluid Mosaic model

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7
Q

Why is the model called fluid

A

o The phospholipids and proteins can move around via diffusion
o The phospholipids mainly move sideways, within their own layers
o The many different types of proteins interspersed throughout the bilayer move about within it although some may be fixed in position

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8
Q

Why is the model called mosaic

A

o The scattered pattern produced by the proteins within the phospholipid bilayer looks somewhat like a mosaic when viewed from above

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9
Q

Main components in the fluid mosaic model

A

o Phospholipids
o Cholesterol
o Glycoproteins and glycolipids
o Transport proteins - carrier + Channel proteins

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10
Q

What is the cell surface membrane also known as

A

the phospholipid bilayer

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11
Q

How are phospholipids arranged in the cell surface membrane

A

tails form a hydrophobic core comprising the innermost part of both the outer and inner layer of the membrane

Heads face outwards - hydrophilic sides

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12
Q

What does the cell surface membrane act as a barrier to

A

most water-soluble substances (due to hydrophobic tails)

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13
Q

What does having a membrane that acts as a barrier most water-soluble substances ensure

A

ensures water-soluble molecules such as sugars, amino acids and proteins cannot leak out of the cell and unwanted water-soluble molecules cannot get in

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14
Q

Can water go through the membrane

A

Yes…kinda

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15
Q

Why can water go through the membrane

A

• Water – very small molecule – can still slowly squeeze its way through, despite being hydrophobic core

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16
Q

Where a lot more water is needed, such as the kidney, how does water quickly get into the cells

A

• Where a lot of water is needed, aquaporins are present – special channel for water

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17
Q

How can phospholipids be chemically modified to act as signalling molecules

A

o Moving within the bilayer to activate other molecules (eg. enzymes)
o Being hydrolysed, which releases smaller water-soluble molecules that bind to specific receptors in the cytoplasm

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18
Q

What is a Micelle

A

Phospholipids arranged in a spherical form

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19
Q

Why do micelles form

A

As there are not enough phospholipids to form a full bilayer

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20
Q

Two types of phospholipids

A

Saturated and unsaturated

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21
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated phospholipids

A

• saturated fatty acids – straight tails
• unsaturated fatty acids = double bond = – tails with kinks/bends in them

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22
Q

What increases the fluidity of the membrane

A

Increasing the number of unsaturated fatty acids / phospholipids

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23
Q

Why does increasing the number of unsaturated fatty acids increase the fluidity of the membrane

A

• more unsaturated fatty acids = more distance between the tails and thus fewer intermolecular interactions = more fluidity

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24
Q

Function of cholesterol

A

• regulates the fluidity of the membrane
- allows cells to survive at lower temperatures
- increases strength + stability

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25
Q

How does cholesterol in the membrane allow cells to survive at lower temperatures

A

• stops phospholipid tails packing too closely together = stopping it from becoming too rigid at low temperatures + crystalising = allowing cells to survive at lower temperatures

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26
Q

How does cholesterol stop the membrane from becoming to fluid at high temps

A

o Cholesterol molecules bind to the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids, stabilising them and causing phospholipids to pack more closely together= decreasing fluidity

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27
Q

What are extrinsic proteins

A

proteins which are found on the surface of the plasma membrane.

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28
Q

General function of extrinsic proteins

A

usually function as enzymes and catalyse chemical reactions inside the cell.

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29
Q

What are intrinsic proteins

A

proteins which span both bilayers of the plasma membrane.

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30
Q

General function of intrinsic proteins

A

act as channels or carrier proteins to transport water-soluble molecules.

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31
Q

What are glycoproteins

A

Proteins Embedded in the cell-surface membrane with attached carbohydrate (sugar) chains of varying lengths and shapes.

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32
Q

Function of glycoproteins

A

Cell Signalling
Recognition sites

play a role in cell adhesion (when they join to form tight junctions in certain tissues) + as receptors for chemical signals.
• When chemical binds to the receptors, it elicits a response from cell. May cause a direct response or set off a cascade of events inside cell. = cell communication/ cell signalling.

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33
Q

Example of cell signalling

A

• Receptors for neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine at nerve cell synapses – binding of neurotransmitters triggers / prevents impulse in next neurone.
• Receptors for peptide hormones, inc. insulin and glucagon, which affect the uptake/storage of glucose by cells.

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34
Q

What type of proteins are glycoproteins

A

Intrinsic proteins

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35
Q

What are glycolipids

A

lipids with attached carbohydrate (sugar) chains

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36
Q

Function of glycolipids

A

Recognition sites / antigens

can be recognised by cells of immune system as self (of the organism) or non-self (belongs to another organism).

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37
Q

What are extrinsic proteins also known as

A

Peripheral proteins

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38
Q

Function of transport proteins

A

create hydrophilic channels to allow ions and polar molecules to travel through the membrane.

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39
Q

Types of transport proteins

A

Channel proteins

Carrier proteins

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40
Q

Function of channel proteins

A

Transport polar substances down a concentration gradient

allow the cell to control which substances enter or leave

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41
Q

Function of carrier proteins

A

Transport molecules against the concentration gradient

allow the cell to control which substances enter or leave

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42
Q

Adaptation of carrier proteins

A

change shape to transport a substance across the membrane

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43
Q

Can any molecule go down any channel / carrier protein

A

No = • Each transport protein is specific to a particular ion or molecule

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44
Q

What two factors effect membrane permeability

A

Temp + solvent concentration

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45
Q

How does temp effect membrane permeability

A

• Phospholipids in a cell membrane are constantly moving.
• When temp. increased, the phospholipids have more kinetic energy = move more.
• This makes a membrane more fluid, and it will start to lose structure = REVERSIBLE

• Temp. continues to increase = cell will break down completely.
• Loss of structure increases permeability of membrane, making it easier for particles to cross it.
• Carrier and channel proteins in membrane will be denatured at high temps. These proteins → involved in transport across membrane = so as they denature = membrane permeability is affected. = IRREVERSIBILE

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46
Q

What also takes place at increased temps across a membrane e

A

• Any diffusion taking place through the cell membrane will also occur at a higher speed (due to increased kinetic energy)

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47
Q

How does solvent concentration effect membrane permeability

A

• Organic solvents can increase cell membrane permeability as they dissolve the lipids in the membrane, causing the membrane to lose its structure

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48
Q

Solvents less polar thane water

A

Less polar - (ex. Alcohols) or non-polar (ex. Benzene).

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49
Q

What does drinking alcohol do to cells

A

Not strong enough to completely destroy membranes but will still cause damage

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50
Q

Define diffusion

A

• the net passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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51
Q

What happens after a long period of diffusion

A

Reach equilibrium

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52
Q

How’s does the concentration gradient effecyt rate of diffusion

A
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53
Q

How does temp effect rate of diffusion

A
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54
Q

How does SA effect the rate of diffusion

A
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55
Q

How can you increase the SA of an organelle / organism

A

Or decreasing it’s size

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56
Q

How does the properties of the molecules or ions dissolving effect the rate of diffusion

A
57
Q

Question - how do decrease the fluidity of a membrane

A
58
Q

Question - how to increase the fluidity of a membrane

A
59
Q

What can no diffuse through phospholipid bilayer

A

o Large polar molecules such as glucose and amino acids
o Ions such as sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-)

60
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

When certain molecules require transport proteins to diffuse across a membrane

61
Q

What two types of molecules enable facilitated diffusion

A

o Channel proteins
o Carrier proteins

62
Q

Properties of transport proteins

A

• They are highly specific (they only allow one type of molecule or ion to pass through)

63
Q

What are channel proteins

A

water-filled pores

64
Q

What do channel proteins allow

A

charged substances (eg. ions) to diffuse through the cell membrane = does conc Gradient

65
Q

Most channel proteins are…

A

Gated

66
Q

What does gated mean

A

that part of the channel protein on the inside surface of the membrane can move in order to close or open the pore
• This allows the channel protein to control the exchange of ions

67
Q

How do carrier proteins function in facilitated diffusion

A

the binding site of the carrier protein to be open to one side of the membrane first, and then open to the other side of the membrane when the carrier protein switches shape

68
Q

Define active transport

A

net movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, across a cell membrane, using ATP

69
Q

What does active transport require

A

ATP + carrier proteins

70
Q

Carrier proteins can change shape. Can it change shape in facilitated diffusion + why

A

No - requires energy for it to change shape = ONLY CHANGES SHAPE IN ACTIVE TRANSPORT

71
Q

In facilitated diffusion molecules move

A

Down a conc gradient

72
Q

How does atp release energy

A

It is hydrolysed

73
Q

Importance of active transport

A

• The reabsorption of useful molecules and ions into the blood after filtration into the kidney tubules
• The absorption of some products of digestion from the digestive tract
• The loading of sugar from the photosynthesising cells of leaves into the phloem tissue for transport around the plant
• The loading of inorganic ions from the soil into root hairs

74
Q

What is diffusion / osmosis / active transport responsible for

A

the transport of individual molecules or ions across cell membranes

75
Q

What is endocytosis / exocytosis responsible for

A

the bulk transport of larger quantities of materials into or out of cells is also possible

76
Q

Example of bulk transport materials that need to cross the membrane

A

o Large molecules such as proteins or polysaccharides
o Parts of cells
o Whole cells e.g. Bacteria

77
Q

• Bulk transport into cells

A

endocytosis

78
Q

• Bulk transport out of cells

A

exocytosis

79
Q

What do both exocytosis + endocytosis need

A

Energy

80
Q

If both exocytosis and endocytosis require energy, what does that make them

A

Forms of active transport

81
Q

Define endocytosis

A

process by which the cell surface membrane engulfs material, forming a small sac (or ‘endocytic vacuole’) around it

82
Q

Two forms of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

83
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

bulk intake of solid material by a cell

84
Q

Cells that specialise in phagocytosis are called…

A

Phagocytes

85
Q

The vacuoles formed in phagocytosis are called

A

phagocytic vacuoles

86
Q

Example of phagocytosis

A

engulfing of bacteria by phagocytic white blood cells

87
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

bulk intake of liquids

88
Q

Define exocytosis

A

process by which materials are removed from, or transported out of, cells

89
Q

How does exocytosis work

A

• The substances to be released (such as enzymes, hormones or cell wall building materials) are packaged into secretory vesicles formed from the Golgi body
• These vesicles then travel to the cell surface membrane
• Here they fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents outside of the cell

90
Q

Example of exocytosis

A

secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreatic cells

91
Q

Which processes require energy

A

ALL EXOCTYOSIS + ENDOCYTOSIS + ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRE ENERGY

92
Q

Define osmosis

A

• Net movement of water molecules from an area of high water potential, to an area of lower water potential, across a partially permeable membrane

93
Q

Water potential of pure water

A

0 kPa (at standard temp. and at pressure, -25 degrees C and 100kPa)

94
Q

Symbol of water potential

A

Psi

95
Q

All solutions have …… water potentials

A

Negative

96
Q

If the concentration of a solution increases, what happens to the numerical value of the water potential

A

more concentrated the solution, the more negative the water potential

97
Q

What happens if an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution

A

cell water will leave the cell through its partially permeable cell surface membrane by osmosis and the cell will shrink and shrivel up
• Crenation = fatal

98
Q

What happens if an animal cell is places in a hypotonic solution

A

water will enter the cell through its partially permeable cell surface membrane by osmosis
• Cell will gain water until cell membrane is stretched too far
• Lysis = bursts = hypotonic

99
Q

What happens if a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution

A

water will leave the plant cell through its partially permeable cell surface membrane by osmosis
• As water leaves the vacuole of the plant cell, the volume of the plant cell decreases
• The protoplast gradually shrinks and no longer exerts pressure on the cell wall
• As the protoplast continues to shrink, it begins to pull away from the cell wall
• This process is known as plasmolysis – the plant cell is plasmolysed

100
Q

What happens if a plant cell is placed into a hypotonic solution

A

water will enter the plant cell through its partially permeable cell surface membrane by osmosis
• As water enters the vacuole of the plant cell, the volume of the plant cell increases
• The expanding protoplast pushes against the cell wall and pressure builds up inside the cell – the inelastic cell wall prevents the cell from bursting
• The pressure created by the cell wall also stops too much water from entering and this also helps to prevent the cell from bursting
• When a plant cell is fully inflated with water and has become rigid and firm, it is described as fully turgid

101
Q

What is the protoplast

A

(living part of the cell inside the cell wall = everything except the cell wall

102
Q

Why is turgidity important in plant cells

A

the effect of all the cells in a plant being firm is to provide support and strength for the plant – making the plant stand upright with its leaves held out to catch sunlight

103
Q

When you are talking about effect of temp on the membrane dont refer to it as the membrane

A

Refer to it as the bilayer

104
Q

State two functions of membranes within cells

A
105
Q

You shouldnt say semi permeable you should say…

A

Partially permeable

106
Q

State what is meant by cell signalling

A
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How to make more reliable and accurate

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138
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Define Plasmolysis

A

when plant cells lose water after being placed in a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell does.

Biology - Module 2 (6 decks)

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