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Biology 101 Exam 2 > Chapter 5 - Phospholipids > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Phospholipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are in Phospholipid sheets?

A

Two fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone with the third space linked to a phosphorylated molecule.

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2
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

Contains a polar head (Phosphate Group) and a nonpolar tail (fatty acid). Globular proteins are inserted into the lipid bilayer. Nonpolar segments are with the nonpolar interior while the polar portions protrude out.

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3
Q

What is the main component of cell membranes?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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4
Q

What is used to transport and communicate across the membrane?

A

Transmembrane proteins

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5
Q

What reinforces the membrane’s shape and anchoring?

A

Interior protein network

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6
Q

What contains glycoproteins and glycolipids?

A

Cell-surface markers

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7
Q

What is the difference and the same between a glycoprotein and a glycolipid?

A

Both are modified within the Golgi complex and have a sugar chain attached (polysaccharide). A glycoprotein is a protein and a glycolipid is a fat.

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8
Q

What fills the space between the phospholipid?

A

Cholesterol

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9
Q

How does a phospholipid form?

A

Polar water molecules repel the long nonpolar tails of the phospholipids while seeking partners for hydrogen bonding. The tails face each other so they do not encounter water.

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10
Q

Why does a phospholipid form?

A

It is spontaneous driven by the tendency of water molecules to form the maximum number of hydrogen bonds.

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11
Q

What holds the membrane together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What makes a lipid bilayer stable?

A

Water’s affinity for hydrogen bonding never stops

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13
Q

What can alter the degree of fluidity of the plasma membrane?

A

This can be altered by either changing the fatty acid composition, the amount of cholesterol, and changes in the environment like temperature.

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14
Q

What are transporters?

A

Allows only selective solutes to enter or leave the cell through channels of carriers composed of proteins.

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15
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalyst, usually a protein that increases rate of specific reactions without being consumed in the reaction.

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16
Q

What are cell-surface identity markers?

A

A combination of cell-surface proteins and glycoproteins that carry markers that identify them to other cells.

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17
Q

What are cell-surface receptors?

A

Receptor proteins that detect chemical messages which are anchored to the cell’s surface.

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18
Q

What are cell-to-cell adhesion proteins?

A

Uses specific proteins to glue themselves to one another.

19
Q

What are cytoskeleton anchors?

A

Surface proteins that interact with other cells are firmly anchored to the cytoskeleton of the cell interior by linking proteins.

20
Q

What is the hydrophobic region of a transmembrane protein that anchors it in the membrane?

A

Transmembrane domain - Often composed of alpha helixes but sometimes utilizes beta pleated sheets that form a barrel which opens at both ends called a pore.

21
Q

What does the pore allow to pass?

A

The openings allow polar water molecules to pass through the membrane.

22
Q

What is the net movement of dissolved molecules or other particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration?

A

Diffusion

23
Q

What is carrier-assisted diffusion called?

A

Facilitated diffusion

24
Q

What allows the diffusion of K+, NA+, or CA2 across the membrane and has an aqueous channel?

A

Ion Channels

25
Q

What is a carrier protein?

A

A membrane protein that binds to specific molecules that cannot cross the membrane and allows passage through the membrane.

26
Q

What is it called when a membrane is permeable to some substances but not others?

A

Selectively permeable membrane

27
Q

What is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Osmosis

28
Q

What is it called when two solutions with different osmotic concentrations are separated by a water-permeable membrane and water moves to the side with higher concentration?

A

Osmotic Concentration

29
Q

What is the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic?

A

Hypertonic is a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than cell. Hypotonic is a solution with a lower concentration than a cell.

30
Q

When does a cell lose water by osmosis?

A

In a hypertonic solution

31
Q

When does a cell gain water by osmosis?

A

In a hypotonic solution

32
Q

What does it mean when the cell and the solution have the same amount of concentration?

A

Isotonic…the cell takes in and loses the same amount of water.

33
Q

What is an aquaporin?

A

A channel that allows water to cross the membrane more easily than diffusion.

34
Q

What stops the osmotic flow across a water membrane?

A

Osmotic pressure

35
Q

What is the term for when a plant cell is rigid due to water intake?

A

Turgor pressure

36
Q

What type of diffusion needs ATP to move molecules across a cellular membrane from lower to higher concentration?

A

Active Transport

37
Q

What is the difference between a uniporter, symporter, and a antiporter?

A

A uniporter only transports one molecule or ion. A symporter transports two molecules or ions in the same direction across the membrane and a antiporter carries two molecules or ions in the opposite direction across the membrane.

38
Q

What transports NA+ in exchange for K+ needing ATP due to the ions moving against their concentration gradients?

A

Sodium-potassium Pump

39
Q

What are the two types of transports?

A

Coupled transport where energy is released as one molecule moves down its concentration gradient is used to move a different molecule against its gradient.

Countertransport NA+ and glucose move in the same direction across the membrane and the inward movement of NA+ is coupled with the outward movement of another substance such as CA+ or H+

40
Q

What are phagocytosis and pinocytosis part of?

A

Endocytosis

41
Q

What is it called when a cell takes in a solid particle?

A

Phagocytosis

42
Q

What is the intake of fluid?

A

Pinocytosis

43
Q

What is it called when a cell expels its contents ?

A

Exocytosis

Biology 101 Exam 2 (3 decks)

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