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Plant Science > Chapter 5 - Origin, Domestication, and Improvement of Cultivated Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Origin, Domestication, and Improvement of Cultivated Plants Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_____________ years ago in Egypt, Indonesia, Mesopotamia:

  • Gathered Seeds
  • Killed Existing Vegetation
  • Formed Seedbed
  • Planted
  • Killed Weeds
  • Killed Pests
  • Harvested
  • Stored
A

10,000

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2
Q

_______________ had very sophisticated farming systems.

A

Jericho

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3
Q

___________ were the earliest known crops

A

Cereals

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4
Q

Early Agriculture allowed for ____________ settlement.

A

Permanent

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5
Q

___________ were first to study AG and developed iron tools.

A

Romans

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6
Q

Romans made advancements by ____________.

A

Observation

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7
Q

An old civilization in Israel.

A

Natufian

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8
Q

Origin of Corn, Potato and Cotton

A

America

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9
Q

Origin of Wheat, Stone Fruit, and Forages

A

Eurasia

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10
Q

Origin of yams

A

Africa

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11
Q

Origin of soybean

A

China

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12
Q

The characteristics of crop ____________ tell a lot about how to raise the crop.

A

families

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13
Q

There are about _____ crop families, but only a handful are used as crops.

A

320

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14
Q

Plant Explorers search the world for valuable ___________.

A

Germplasm

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15
Q

______________ is a major entry point for exotic germplasm because of our agriculture and varied environments.

A

California

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16
Q

_________ Family (POACEAE)

  • 75% of world’s crop
  • Cereals, Corn, Sorghum, Sugarcane, and Many Forages
A

Grass

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17
Q

_________ OR _______ Family (FABACEAE)

  • 15% of world’s crops
  • Alfalfa, Clovers, Beans, Peas, Soybeans, and Peanuts
A

Legume; Pea

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18
Q

_________ Family (SOLANACEAE)

  • Potato, Tomato, and Tobacco
A

Potato

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19
Q

___________ Family (MALVACEAE)

-Cotton

A

Mallow

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20
Q

____________ Family (ASTERACEAE)

  • Lettuce, Sunflower,Safflower
A

Sunflower

21
Q

__________ Family (CURCURBITACEAE)

  • Melons
A

Gourd

22
Q

__________ Family (VITACEAE)

-Grapes

A

Grape

23
Q

________ Family (ROSACEAE)

  • Pomes (Apples, Pears)
  • Stones (Plums, Peaches, Nectarines)
  • Nuts (Almonds, ETC.)
  • Roses
  • Blackberries
A

Rose

24
Q

__________ Family (CRUCIFERAE)

-Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Brussel Sprouts, Kale

A

Mustard

25
Q

___________ Family (CHENOPODIACEAE)

  • Sugarbeets
A

Goosefoot

26
Q

___________ Family (Umbeliferae)

-Carrots

A

Carrot

27
Q

________ Family (RUTACEAE)

  • All Citrus (Oranges, Lemons, ETC.)
A

Rue

28
Q

KERN VS. WORLD

  1. Grapes 1. Wheat
  2. Cotton 2. Rice
  3. Citrus 3. Corn
  4. Almonds 4. Sorghum
  5. Carrots 5. Barley
  6. Roses 6. Oats
  7. Alfalfa 7. Rye
  8. Potatoes
  9. Apples
  10. Peppers

What do you notice about these charts?

A

Kern doesn’t grow cereal crops because there isn’t much profit in cereals. They grow expensive crops because Kern has very good soil for growing the expensive crops.

29
Q

Crop selection and improvement started about 11 thousand years ago in the Mid- ______ with precursors of modern wheat.

A

East

30
Q

Earliest farmers would keep seed of the best plants to plant the next season = ______________

A

Selection

31
Q

In New World, Corn breeding started about ___ thousand years ago with selection from mutant Teosinte, a wild grass that still inhabits Mexico.

A

8

32
Q

Many crops were domesticated (selected) in this manner long before formal ____________.

A

Genetics

33
Q

In 1865, Gregor ____________ presented the results of his pea hybridization experiments to the Natural History Society of Brunn.

A

Mendel

34
Q

Gregor Mendel used basic math to determine that:

1) Each individual has ____ genes for each trait.
2) Genes are ________ donated from parents to progeny.

A

Two ; Randomly

35
Q

In 1902, Walter Sutton saw ___________ or gamete formation with new microscopes and related it to Mendel’s principles

A

Meiosis

36
Q

In 1953, Watson and Crick discovered the structure of the _______ molecule.

A

DNA

37
Q

In 1966, Nirenberg and Khorana discovered the __________ code.

A

Genetic

38
Q

One gene(dominant) completely masks the affect of the second gene(recessive).

EXAMPLE: Red flowers x White flowers = Red flowers

A

Complete Dominance (Mendelian inheritance)

39
Q

One gene does not completely mask the affect of another so individuals with one of each gene have intermediary traits.

EXAMPLE: Red flowers X White flowers= Different shades of pink flowers

A

Incomplete Dominance

40
Q

Another gene pair somewhere else in the genome works with the gene pair of interest to affect the final trait.

EXAMPLE: Red flowers X White flower = Purple flowers or striped red and white flowers or pink fringed white flowers, etc.

A

Gene Interaction

41
Q

Plants must receive foreign pollen from other plant of same species to set seed. All plants genetically different.

EXAMPLE: Alfalfa, potato, sugar beet

A

Cross Pollinated Species

42
Q

Plants may be cross pollinated, but usually each plant pollinates itself. All plants close to genetically identical. Most small grains like wheat.

  • 25% of plants worldwide are this type
  • Mostly Annual Plants
A

Self Pollinated Species

43
Q

Plants can easily self pollinate if no foreign pollen is available, but cross pollination is normal. Plants usually genetically different unless inbred.

EXAMPLE: Corn, Cotton, Clovers

A

Mostly Cross Pollinated Species

44
Q

Harvest seed from good plants out of cross-Pollinated populations based on physical measurements or appearance and bulk for next generation.

A

Mass Selection

45
Q

Oldest and easiest traditional breeding method, however, improvements can be slow and slight.

A

Mass Selection

46
Q

Select whole plants from cross pollinated population and cross only those plants together to produce seed for next generation.

-Allows genetic control over the mother and the father plants

A

Synthetic Selection

47
Q

Series of plant inbred to produce inbred lines that are homozygous for every gene.

A

Hybrids

48
Q

Cross two different inbred lines to make ________ ________.

A

Hybrid Vigor

Plant Science (1 decks)

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