Chapter 5 - Origin, Domestication, and Improvement of Cultivated Plants Flashcards
_____________ years ago in Egypt, Indonesia, Mesopotamia:
- Gathered Seeds
- Killed Existing Vegetation
- Formed Seedbed
- Planted
- Killed Weeds
- Killed Pests
- Harvested
- Stored
10,000
_______________ had very sophisticated farming systems.
Jericho
___________ were the earliest known crops
Cereals
Early Agriculture allowed for ____________ settlement.
Permanent
___________ were first to study AG and developed iron tools.
Romans
Romans made advancements by ____________.
Observation
An old civilization in Israel.
Natufian
Origin of Corn, Potato and Cotton
America
Origin of Wheat, Stone Fruit, and Forages
Eurasia
Origin of yams
Africa
Origin of soybean
China
The characteristics of crop ____________ tell a lot about how to raise the crop.
families
There are about _____ crop families, but only a handful are used as crops.
320
Plant Explorers search the world for valuable ___________.
Germplasm
______________ is a major entry point for exotic germplasm because of our agriculture and varied environments.
California
_________ Family (POACEAE)
- 75% of world’s crop
- Cereals, Corn, Sorghum, Sugarcane, and Many Forages
Grass
_________ OR _______ Family (FABACEAE)
- 15% of world’s crops
- Alfalfa, Clovers, Beans, Peas, Soybeans, and Peanuts
Legume; Pea
_________ Family (SOLANACEAE)
- Potato, Tomato, and Tobacco
Potato
___________ Family (MALVACEAE)
-Cotton
Mallow
____________ Family (ASTERACEAE)
- Lettuce, Sunflower,Safflower
Sunflower
__________ Family (CURCURBITACEAE)
- Melons
Gourd
__________ Family (VITACEAE)
-Grapes
Grape
________ Family (ROSACEAE)
- Pomes (Apples, Pears)
- Stones (Plums, Peaches, Nectarines)
- Nuts (Almonds, ETC.)
- Roses
- Blackberries
Rose
__________ Family (CRUCIFERAE)
-Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Brussel Sprouts, Kale
Mustard
___________ Family (CHENOPODIACEAE)
- Sugarbeets
Goosefoot
___________ Family (Umbeliferae)
-Carrots
Carrot
________ Family (RUTACEAE)
- All Citrus (Oranges, Lemons, ETC.)
Rue
KERN VS. WORLD
- Grapes 1. Wheat
- Cotton 2. Rice
- Citrus 3. Corn
- Almonds 4. Sorghum
- Carrots 5. Barley
- Roses 6. Oats
- Alfalfa 7. Rye
- Potatoes
- Apples
- Peppers
What do you notice about these charts?
Kern doesn’t grow cereal crops because there isn’t much profit in cereals. They grow expensive crops because Kern has very good soil for growing the expensive crops.
Crop selection and improvement started about 11 thousand years ago in the Mid- ______ with precursors of modern wheat.
East
Earliest farmers would keep seed of the best plants to plant the next season = ______________
Selection
In New World, Corn breeding started about ___ thousand years ago with selection from mutant Teosinte, a wild grass that still inhabits Mexico.
8
Many crops were domesticated (selected) in this manner long before formal ____________.
Genetics
In 1865, Gregor ____________ presented the results of his pea hybridization experiments to the Natural History Society of Brunn.
Mendel
Gregor Mendel used basic math to determine that:
1) Each individual has ____ genes for each trait.
2) Genes are ________ donated from parents to progeny.
Two ; Randomly
In 1902, Walter Sutton saw ___________ or gamete formation with new microscopes and related it to Mendel’s principles
Meiosis
In 1953, Watson and Crick discovered the structure of the _______ molecule.
DNA
In 1966, Nirenberg and Khorana discovered the __________ code.
Genetic
One gene(dominant) completely masks the affect of the second gene(recessive).
EXAMPLE: Red flowers x White flowers = Red flowers
Complete Dominance (Mendelian inheritance)
One gene does not completely mask the affect of another so individuals with one of each gene have intermediary traits.
EXAMPLE: Red flowers X White flowers= Different shades of pink flowers
Incomplete Dominance
Another gene pair somewhere else in the genome works with the gene pair of interest to affect the final trait.
EXAMPLE: Red flowers X White flower = Purple flowers or striped red and white flowers or pink fringed white flowers, etc.
Gene Interaction
Plants must receive foreign pollen from other plant of same species to set seed. All plants genetically different.
EXAMPLE: Alfalfa, potato, sugar beet
Cross Pollinated Species
Plants may be cross pollinated, but usually each plant pollinates itself. All plants close to genetically identical. Most small grains like wheat.
- 25% of plants worldwide are this type
- Mostly Annual Plants
Self Pollinated Species
Plants can easily self pollinate if no foreign pollen is available, but cross pollination is normal. Plants usually genetically different unless inbred.
EXAMPLE: Corn, Cotton, Clovers
Mostly Cross Pollinated Species
Harvest seed from good plants out of cross-Pollinated populations based on physical measurements or appearance and bulk for next generation.
Mass Selection
Oldest and easiest traditional breeding method, however, improvements can be slow and slight.
Mass Selection
Select whole plants from cross pollinated population and cross only those plants together to produce seed for next generation.
-Allows genetic control over the mother and the father plants
Synthetic Selection
Series of plant inbred to produce inbred lines that are homozygous for every gene.
Hybrids
Cross two different inbred lines to make ________ ________.
Hybrid Vigor
