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INF > Chapter 5: Organizing and Storing Data > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Organizing and Storing Data Flashcards

1
Q

What is relational database?

A

A series of related tables that are stored together with minimum duplication

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2
Q

What is the most commonly used database?

A

Relational

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3
Q

What is the RS DB made up of?

A

Made up of tables

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4
Q

What are tables?

A

It is made up of records

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5
Q

What is each record made up of?

A

A number of fields

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6
Q

What do we call a table that stores data about someone or something of interest to each firm?

A

An Entity

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7
Q

Give me an example of an entity

A

Customer

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8
Q

What are Fields?

A

Specific items of data stored about an entity

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9
Q

What are Records?

A

Collects all the data about one specific entity

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10
Q

Give me an example of data stored in Fields

A

Name, date of birth, address

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11
Q

Give me an example of data stored in a Record

A

A customer called John Smith

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12
Q

What are Primary keys?

A

a field that defines to be unique for each entity

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13
Q

What are some examples of Primary Keys?

A

Student ID, Exam ID, and Library ID (Those that uniquely identify you)

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14
Q

What are Primary keys used for?

A

To join tables

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15
Q

What is a foreign key?

A

a Primary key that is posted into another table to create a relationship between the two tables

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16
Q

What are the advantages of Database Approach?

A
  1. Improved Strategic use of corporate data
  2. Reduced Data Redundancy
  3. Improved Data Integrity
  4. Improved Data Protection
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17
Q

What are the disadvantages of Database Approach?

A
  1. Making it more complex and difficult (DBMS is quite difficult to set up and operate)
  2. Difficulty recovering from failure (failure can shutdown the entire database)
  3. It is Expensive (DBMS is expensive to purchase and operate)
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18
Q

What is Database Design? (or Data Model, Database Schema)

A

A list of all the tables in the Database, and fields with any primary and foreign keys identified.

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19
Q

What are the 4 stages a database goes through?

A
  1. Identify all entities
  2. Identify all relationships between entities
  3. Identify all attributes
  4. Resolve all relationships
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20
Q

What are the 3 main concepts in a Relational Database design?

A
  1. Degree
  2. Cardinality
  3. Optionality
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21
Q

Explain what a Degree is

A

a number of entities involved in a relationship

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22
Q

What is Cardinality?

A

determines whether each entity in the RS is related to one or more of the other entities

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23
Q

Explain Optionality

A

If a binary RS is optional for an entity, that entity doesn’t have to be related to the other

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24
Q

Tell me the three basic Cardinality types

A
  1. One to one
  2. One to many
  3. Many to Many
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25
Q

Explain to me how one-to-one works

A

Here’s an example: Person <-> Passport / Each person must have only one passport only.
Now, to resolve this relationship, we must combine both entities into one table.

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26
Q

Explain how one-to-many works

A

Here’s an example: Customer = Order (The customer is one while the order can be infinite) Basically, (one) customer can place many orders (multiple orders but the a single order must be placed by one customer not many)

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27
Q

Explain to me how many-to-many works

A

Example: Student = Classes / A student can sign up for many classes, and a class can have many students signed up.

28
Q

What is a Data Definition Language (DDL)?

A

A collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and RS’s in a specific database.

29
Q

What are some of DDL’s uses?

A

It allows DB creator to describe the data and relationships that are to be contained in the schema

30
Q

Give me an example of DDL

A

Structured Query Language (SQL)

31
Q

What is a Data Dictionary?

A

It stores meta data and detailed description of all the data used in the database

32
Q

What are the features of a Data Dictionary?

A
  1. Describes all the fields in the DB
  2. Range of accepted values and type of data
  3. Amount of storage space needed for each
  4. Specifies who has access to each and updates each
33
Q

What can a Data Dictionary achieve?

A
  1. Reduced Data Redundancy (Unlikely the same data item will be stored in diff place under diff names)
  2. Increased Data reliability (reduces chances of data being lost or destroyed)
  3. Assists Program Development (Programmers know where data is stored and what field to type in)
34
Q

What is Data Manipulation Language (DML)?

A

Commands that are used to manipulate the database

35
Q

An example of Data Manipulation Language

A

SQL

36
Q

What is Concurrency Control?

A

Method of dealing with a situation where two or more people need access to the same record

37
Q

What happens after you set up a database output?

A

Once loaded with data, it can produce any wanted reports or documents.

38
Q

Where do these outputs usually appear in? (continue for database output)

A

In screen displays or hard copy printouts

39
Q

What are some of the database outputs features?

A
  1. Output controls ( allows you to select records and fields to appear in reports)
  2. Make specific calculations for reports by manipulating database fields
40
Q

What do Formatting controls and organization options do to help? (Such as report heading)

A

Helps you customize reports and create flexible, convenient, and powerful information tools.

41
Q

What is Database Management System (DBMS)?

A

A group of programs used as an interface between a DB and application programs or a DB and the user.

42
Q

What are 6 important characteristics of Database when selecting a DBMS?

A
  1. Database Size ( number of records/files in the DB)
  2. Database Cost (Purchase/lease costs of the DB)
  3. Concurrent Users ( # of people requesting to use the DB at the same time)
  4. Performance ( How fast the DB is able to update records)
  5. Integration ( Ability to be integrated with other applications and DB)
  6. Vendor ( Reputation and Financial stability of the DB vendor)
43
Q

What is a Database administrator? and what do they do? (DBA)

A

They plan, design, create, operate secure, monitor, and maintain databases. They also work with both users and programmers

44
Q

What is Data administrator, and what do they do?

A

Responsible for defining and implementing consistent principles for various data issues.
It is a non-technical position

45
Q

What is the difference between DBA and DA?

A

DBA is a more technical position, which requires you to have knowledge on databases and know how to sort out issues with users and programmers, whereas DA is a non-technical position that does not deal with databases but rather data issues like setting data standards and data defnitions.

46
Q

What are database applications?

A

They manipulate the content of the DB to produce useful information.

47
Q

What is a Semantic web?

A

It is developing a integration of traditional DB with the internet, which allows people to access and manipulate a number of traditional DB at the same time through the internet

48
Q

What is Big data?

A

Large amounts of unstructured data that are difficult or impossible to capture and analyze using traditional DBMS.

49
Q

What are examples of Big Data?

A

Photos, videos, blogs, social media data and websites.

50
Q

What is Data Mining?

A

It is an information analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse.

51
Q

Why is Data-mining useful?

A

It helps users find answers to questions they haven’t thought to ask.

52
Q

What are some Data-mining applications?

A

It is used in marketing to improve customer retention:
- identifying cross-selling opportunities
- Manage marketing campaigns
- Markets, channel, and price analysis
- Customer segmentation analysis (one to one marketing)

53
Q

What is a Data Warehouse?

A

It collects business information from many sources in the enterprise.

54
Q

What does a Data Warehouse do?

A

It covers all aspects of the company’s processes, products, and customers.

55
Q

How Data warehouse different than the other databases?

A

It provides business users with multidimensional view of data that they need to analyze business conditions.
It also stores historical data that has been extracted transaction processing systems and data from external sources.

56
Q

What is Business intelligence?

A

Process of gathering enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it to have a positive impact on business strategy, tactic, or operations.

57
Q

What does BI do?

A

Turns data into useful information then distributes it throughout an enterprise

58
Q

What is distributed Databases?

A

Data that spreads across several smaller DB connected via telecommunication devices.

59
Q

What are Replicated Databases?

A

It holds a dupe set of frequently used data

60
Q

What is Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)?

A

It is a software that allows users to explore data from a number of different perspectives.

61
Q

The database called Visual, Audio, and others sys is a database for what?

A

Storing images and sounds.

62
Q

Tell what a Virtual Database system is

A

It allows different the DB to work together as a unified DB system.

63
Q

Give me an example of other special purpose Database systems

A

Spatial data technology
- stores and accesses data based on locations that describes and permits spatial queries and analysis

64
Q

What is an object-oriented DBMS? (OODBMS)

A

It is a group of programs that manipulate an object-oriented DB and provide a user interface and connections to other application programs.

65
Q

Tell me about object-relational DBMS? (ORDBMS)

A

DBMS that is capable of manipulating audio, video, and graphical data.

66
Q

What is object-oriented and what are two things that are involved with it?

A

It stores both data and processing instructions + it contains method and message. Method is a procedure or action, while Message is a request to execute or run a method.

INF (4 decks)

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