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Introductory Psychology > Chapter 5 (module 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 5 (module 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be
detected 50% of the time

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2
Q

afterimage

A

continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus

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3
Q

amplitude

A

height of a wave

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4
Q

basilar membrane

A

thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the
sensory receptors for the auditory system

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5
Q

binaural cue

A

two-eared cue to localize sound

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6
Q

binocular cue

A

cue that relies on the use of both eyes

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7
Q

binocular disparity

A

slightly different view of the world that each eye receives

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8
Q

blind spot

A

point where we cannot respond to visual information in that portion of the visual field

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9
Q

bottom-up processing

A

system in which perceptions are built from sensory input

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10
Q

closure

A

organizing our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts

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11
Q

cochlea

A

fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditory system

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12
Q

cochlear implant

A

electronic device that consists of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode
array to directly stimulate the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain

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13
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles

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14
Q

cone

A

specialized photoreceptor that works best in bright light conditions and detects color

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15
Q

congenital deafness

A

deafness from birth

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16
Q

congenital insensitivity to pain (congenital analgesia)

A

genetic disorder that results in the inability to

experience pain

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17
Q

cornea

A

transparent covering over the eye

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18
Q

deafness

A

partial or complete inability to hear

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19
Q

decibel (dB)

A

logarithmic unit of sound intensity

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20
Q

depth perception

A

ability to perceive depth

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21
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

all the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment

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22
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

segmenting our visual world into figure and ground

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23
Q

fovea

A

small indentation in the retina that contains cones

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24
Q

frequency

A

number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period

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25
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its
parts

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26
Q

good continuation (also, continuity)

A

we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines
rather than jagged, broken lines

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27
Q

hair cell

A

auditory receptor cell of the inner ear

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28
Q

hertz (Hz)

A

cycles per second; measure of frequency

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29
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of
attention

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30
Q

incus

A

middle ear ossicle; also known as the anvil

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31
Q

inflammatory pain

A

signal that some type of tissue damage has occurred

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32
Q

interaural level difference

A

sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear
because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through the head

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33
Q

interaural timing difference

A

small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear

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34
Q

iris

A

colored portion of the eye

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35
Q

just noticeable difference

A

difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli

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36
Q

kinesthesia

A

perception of the body’s movement through space

37
Q

lens

A

curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus for light entering the eye

38
Q

linear perspective

A

perceive depth in an image when two parallel lines seem to converge

39
Q

malleus

A

middle ear ossicle; also known as the hammer

40
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

touch receptor that responds to pressure and lower frequency vibrations

41
Q

Merkel’s disk

A

touch receptor that responds to light touch

42
Q

monaural cue

A

one-eared cue to localize sound

43
Q

monocular cue

A

cue that requires only one eye

44
Q

Ménière’s disease

A

results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus,
vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear

45
Q

neuropathic pain

A

pain from damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system

46
Q

nociception

A

sensory signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain

47
Q

olfactory bulb

A

bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe, where the olfactory nerves begin

48
Q

olfactory receptor

A

sensory cell for the olfactory system

49
Q

opponent-process theory of color perception

A

color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue,

and red-green

50
Q

optic chiasm

A

X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain’s ventral surface; represents the merging of
the optic nerves from the two eyes and the separation of information from the two sides of the visual field
to the opposite side of the brain

51
Q

optic nerve

A

carries visual information from the retina to the brain

52
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

touch receptor that detects transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations

53
Q

pattern perception

A

ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes

54
Q

peak (also, crest)

A

highest point of a wave

55
Q

perception

A

way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

56
Q

perceptual hypothesis

A

educated guess used to interpret sensory information

57
Q

pheromone

A

chemical message sent by another individual

58
Q

photoreceptor

A

light-detecting cell

59
Q

pinna

A

visible part of the ear that protrudes from the head

60
Q

pitch

A

perception of a sound’s frequency

61
Q

place theory of pitch perception

A

different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of
different frequencies

62
Q

principle of closure

A

organize perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts

63
Q

proprioception

A

perception of body position

64
Q

proximity

A

things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together

65
Q

pupil

A

small opening in the eye through which light passes

66
Q

retina

A

light-sensitive lining of the eye

67
Q

rod

A

specialized photoreceptor that works well in low light conditions

68
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

touch receptor that detects stretch

69
Q

sensation

A

what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

70
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain

71
Q

sensory adaptation

A

not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time

72
Q

signal detection theory

A

change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state

73
Q

similarity

A

things that are alike tend to be grouped together

74
Q

stapes

A

middle ear ossicle; also known as the stirrup

75
Q

subliminal message

A

message presented below the threshold of conscious awareness

76
Q

taste bud

A

grouping of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of
the taste bud

77
Q

temporal theory of pitch perception

A

sound’s frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron

78
Q

thermoception

A

temperature perception

79
Q

timbre

A

sound’s purity

80
Q

top-down processing

A

interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and
thoughts

81
Q

transduction

A

conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential

82
Q

trichromatic theory of color perception

A

color vision is mediated by the activity across the three groups
of cones

83
Q

trough

A

lowest point of a wave

84
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

85
Q

umami

A

taste for monosodium glutamate

86
Q

vertigo

A

spinning sensation

87
Q

vestibular sense

A

contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture

88
Q

visible spectrum

A

portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see

89
Q

wavelength

A

length of a wave from one peak to the next peak

Introductory Psychology (8 decks)

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