Chapter 5: MEMORY Flashcards
- The means by which we retain and draw on information from our past experiences to use in the present.
Memory
- It refers to the dynamic mechanisms associated with storing, retaining, and retrieving information about past experience.
Memory as a process
What are the three (3) common operations of memory?
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
Transform sensory data into a form of mental representation.
Encoding
Keep encoded information in memory.
Storage
Pull out or use information stored in memory.
Retrieval
Two major categories [Tasks used for measuring memory]
- Recall versus Recognition task
- Implicit versus Explicit task
Recall versus Recognition Task
- In _______, producing a fact, a word or other item for memory.
- Fill in the blank and most essay tests require that you _______ items for memory.
Recall
Recall versus Recognition Task
- In ________, selecting or identifying an item as being one that you have been exposed to previously.
- Multiple-choice and true-false tests involve some degree of ___________.
Recognition
What are the three [3] main types of recall task?
- Serial Recall
- Free Recall
- Cued Recall
Recalling items in the exact order in which they were presented.
Serial Recall
Recalling items in any chosen order.
Free Recall
- Also called “paired-associates recall”
- The items in pairs will firstly be shown. During recall, the person is cued with only one member of each pair and is asked to recall each mate.
Cued Recall
Implicit versus Explicit Memory Task
- In ________ _________ _______, participants engage in conscious recollection.
- It requires them to consciously recall information such as recalling or recognizing words, facts or pictures prior to set items.
Explicit Memory Task
Implicit versus Explicit Memory Task
- In __________ _________ ______, we use information from memory but are not consciously aware that we are doing so.
- ________ ________ helps us to complete incomplete words we encounter even without being consciously aware of it.
- Implicit Memory Task
- Implicit Memory
What are the memory tasks involve for declarative knowledge?
Recall or recognition of explicit memory
What are the memory tasks involve for procedural knowledge?
- Implicit memory and memory
- You must consciously recall particular information.
- Who wrote Hamlet?
Explicit-memory tasks
- You must recall facts.
- What is your first name?
Declarative-knowledge tasks
- You must produce a fact, a word or other item from memory.
- Fill-in-the-blank tests require that you recall items from memory.
- For example, “The term for persons who suffer severe memory impairment is ______.”
Recall tasks
- You must repeat the items in a list in the exact order in which you heard or read them.
- If you were shown the digits 2-8-7-1-6-4, you would be expected to repeat “2-8-7-1-6-4,” in exactly that order
Serial-Recall Task
- You must repeat the items in a list in any order in which you can recall them.
- If you were presented with the word list “dog, pencil, time, hair, monkey, restaurant,” you would receive full credit if you repeated ‘monkey, restaurant, dog, pencil, time, hair.”
Free-Recall Task
- You must memorize a list of paired items: then when you are given one item in pair, you must recall the mate for that item.
- Suppose that you were given the following list of pairs: “time-city, mist-home, switch-paper, credit-day, fist-cloud, number-branch.” Later, when you were given the stimulus “switch,” you would be expected to say “paper,” and so on.
Cued-Recall Task
- You must select or otherwise identify an item as being one that you learned previously.
- Multiple-choice and true-false tests involve recognition.
- For example, “The term for people with outstanding memory ability is (1) amnesic, (2) semanticists, (3) mnemonists, or (4) retrogaders.”
Recognition Tasks
- You must draw on information in memory without consciously realizing that you are doing so.
- Word-completion tasks tap implicit memory. You would be presented with a word fragment, such as the first three letters of a word; then you would be asked to complete the word fragment with the first word that comes to mind. For example, suppose that you were asked to supply the missing three letters to fill in these blanks and form a word:
__e__or__. - Because you had recently seen the word memory, you would be more likely to provide the three letters m-m-y for the blanks than would someone who had not recently been exposed to the word. [You have been “primed”]
Implicit-Memory Tasks
- You must remember learned skills and automatic behaviors, rather than facts.
- If you were asked to demonstrate a “knowing-how”skill, you might be given experience in solving puzzles or in reading mirror writing, and then you would be asked to show what you remember of how to use those skills. Or you might be asked to master or to show what you already remember about particular motor skills [e.g., riding a bicycle or ice skating]
Tasks involving procedural knowledge
What are the two tasks involve in implicit memory?
- Priming Task
- Task involving procedural knowledge
The facilitation of your ability to utilize missing information.
Priming Task
Many of the activities that we do everyday fall under the procedural memory. These can range from brushing your teeth to writing.
Task involving procedural knowledge
- Also called as the memory for processes
- Sometimes examined with the rotary pursuit task.
Procedural Memory
Requires participants to maintain contact between an L-shaped stylus and a small rotating disk.
Rotary Pursuit Task
They noted that when a new disk or speed is used, participants do relatively poorly. But with the same disk and speed, participants do as well as they had after learning the task, even if they do not remember previously completing the task.
Verdolini-Marston and Balota [1994]
- Another task used to examine procedural memory.
- A plate with the outline of a shape drawn on it is put behind a barrier where it cannot be seen.
Mirror-Tracing Task
Both implicit and explicit memory are important in our everyday lives. He also has argued that implicit memory, like explicit memory, is an important part of human intelligence.
S.B. Kaufman [2010]
Who proposed the two [2] structures of memory?
William James
What are the two [2] structures of memory?
- Primary Memory
- Secondary Memory
Holds temporary information currently in use.
Primary Memory
Holds information permanently or at least for a very a long time.
Secondary Memory
