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AP Biology > Chapter 5: Membrane Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Membrane Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

the barrier of all living cells and exhibits selective permability due to the fact that it allows some substances to move easily across while keeping other out.

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2
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

one type of membrane protein that allows for water to pass through a membrane (many more than would pass through on their own)

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3
Q

What are lipids?

A

and proteins are the main ingredients of membranes, carbohydrates also make up part of the membrane

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4
Q

WHat does amphipathic mean?

A

hydrophobic and hydrophillic

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5
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model explain?

A

the liquid nature of the membrane with proteins embedded in it

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6
Q

How thick is the plasma membrane?

A

to layers thick, hence its name

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7
Q

What is the membrane also known as?

A

a mosaic due to its variety and number of components

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8
Q

What is a glycoprotein’s function?

A

cell recognition

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9
Q

What are oligosaccharides’ function?

A

tags for membrane, markers

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10
Q

What are glycolipids’ used for?

A

cell recognition

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11
Q

What is the extracellular matrix’s function?

A

hold some peripheral proteins- support

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12
Q

What is the cytoskeleton’s function?

A

give sturcutre to the cell, helps to facilitate movement

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13
Q

What is the integral proteins’ function?

A

transport molecules into & out of cells

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14
Q

What is peripheral proteins’ functions?

A

act as enzyme to carry out chem RXNs

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15
Q

What is cholesterol’s function?

A

maintains liquid nature of the cell membrane

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16
Q

Is it possible for phospholipids to move easily within the cell membrane? Explain.

A

Phospholipids are held together (to other phospholipids) primarily by hydrophobic interactions, wichh are much weaker than covalent bonds (they move through the membrane like party goers moivng through a room)

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17
Q

Explain what occured with Larry Frye and Michael Edidin’s experiment and what it showed.

A

THey labeled the proteins of a mouse and human cell and then saw how they mixed (moved) across the membrane over one hour.

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18
Q

WHat would you conclude about the proteins if, in a similar experiment, the proteins did not move at all?

A

You would assume that they are connected to the cytoskeleton of the cell

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19
Q

What are the reasosn that a membrane remains fluid at low temperatures?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids in plant cells, and cholesterol molecules in animal cells

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20
Q

What do fish that live in cold enviroments have?

A

a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in their phospholipids allowing their membranes to remain fluid at low tems

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21
Q

Plants that are able to tolerate extreme cold will have:

A

higher percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the winter, and low percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the summer

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22
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

proteins that extend all the way or partially through the cell membrane (the majority are transmembrane proteints)

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23
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

proteins that lie completely outside the bilayre

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24
Q

What are functions of the membrane protein?

A

transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining (tight junction, gap junction), attach to cytoskeleton and ECM

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25
Q

What do glycoproteins and glycolipids help to identify?

A

cells, e.x. cell recognition, sorting of cells into embryonic tissues, identifying foriegn cells

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26
Q

How are transmemrane glycoproteins oriented in the ER?

A

carb portion facing into the ER for modification

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27
Q

How are transmembrane glycoproteins oriented in the Golgi apparatus?

A

carb portion facing into the GOlgi for modification

28
Q

Breifly explain how transmembrane glycoproteins are oriented in the transport vesicle?

A

carb portion facing into the vesicle

29
Q

Explain how the transmembrane glycoproteins are oriented in the plasma membrane?

A

carb portion facing out of the cell

30
Q

What is selective permability?

A

DUe to the fact that molecules do not indiscriminately cross the cell membrane results in selective permeability. The cell is able to allow some small molecules to pass through while excluding molecules

31
Q

What molecules can pass easily through the plasma membrane?

A

Small, nonpolar molecules

32
Q

What cells do NOT pass easily through the plasma membrane?

A

Polar and large molecules, who require a protein channel

33
Q

What do transport proetins do?

A

carry hydrophillic molecules across the plasma membrane, speeding up the movement of two molecules

34
Q

WHat are the two types of transport proteins?

A

channel proteins and carrier proteins

35
Q

What is a carrier proteins?

A

a protein specific to a certain (group) molecule and hold on to their passengers translocating them across the membrane (protein denaturing for a reason)

36
Q

WHate does kintetic energy result win?

A

the random movement of molecules from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration, a process called diffussion

37
Q

WHen are solutions said to be in equillibrium?

A

when two solutions are seperated by a permeable membrane and both have equal concentrations of the solute

38
Q

What is the concentration gradeint?

A

the difference in concentration between two areas

39
Q

What factors influence the rate of diffusion?

A

temperature, concentration gradient, movement, charge

40
Q

WHat is passive transport?

A

the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane because the cell does not have to expend energy to make it happen

41
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the movement of water across a membrane. The will occur from HIGH to LOW concentration. Therefore this is considered a form of passive tranport.

42
Q

What is an isotonic solutions?

A

when there is no concentration gradient – solute on both sides of the membrane are EQUAL. A cell that is placed in this type of solution will remain the same size

43
Q

What is a hypertonic soluton?

A

when there is a higher concentration of solute particles in the enviroment than in the cell. Cells in this type of enviroment will shrink and become flaccid. THis process is called plasmolysis

44
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

when there is a lower concentration of solute particles in the enviroment than in the cell
Cells in this type of enviroment will swel and become turgid

45
Q

What is the contractile Vacuole?

A

the structure in Paramecium that allows them to release water before it causes them to lose. THis is a form of osmoregulation

46
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

the pressure in plants as the cell membrane presses against the cell wall allowing a plant to stay rigid

47
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

a lack of turgor pressure resulting in a plant wilting

48
Q

WHat is facilitated diffusion?

A

the process by which polar molecules and ions move across the plasma membrane, these molecules move through transport proteins

49
Q

In facilitated diffusion, do molecules go up their concentraiton or down their concentration?

A

down their concentration

50
Q

Is facilitated diffusion active or passive transport?

A

passive

51
Q

What does a channel protein allow?

A

the flow of molecules across the membrane

52
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

channel proteins that are water carriers

53
Q

What are ion channels?

A

channel proteins which function as gated channels which open or close in response to a stimulus

54
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

proteins that undergo a subtle change in shape to translocate a molecule across a membrane

55
Q

What is active transport?

A

the transport of molecules against the concentration gradient using Cellular NRG (ATP) (LOW to HIGH concentration)

56
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

is the difference in voltage across a membrane created by the difference in ions on either side of the membrane

57
Q

What is electrochemical gradient?

A

the difference in charge and concentration of ions that cause them to move across a membrane. Both of these factors drive the diffusion of ions

58
Q

What is the electrogenic pump?

A

a protein that creates an electorchemical gradient

59
Q

What are two examples of the electrogenic pump?

A

the sodium-potassium pump in animals, and the proton pump in plants, bacteria, and fungi

60
Q

What can a solute that exists in diffrent concentrations do?

A

work as it moves

61
Q

What is cotransports?

A

when one protein pump facilitates the movement of a different molecule through a different pump

62
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

a form of active transport (bulk transport) when large molecules are expelled from the cell

63
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

a form of active transport (bulk transport) in which molecules are taken in to the cell

64
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

solid materials are taken in to the cell throguh food vacuoles

65
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

when liquid materials are taken into the cell

66
Q

What do receptor mediated endocytosis trigger?

A

the infolding of the membrane and the intake of specific materials

67
Q
A

AP Biology (12 decks)

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