Chapter 5 - Learning Flashcards
Learning
any relatively permanent change in behavior (or potential behavior) resulting from experience
Conditioning
The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses
Classical Conditioning
a form of learning which 2 stimulus events become associated in such a way that the occurance of one event relaiably predicts the occurance of the other
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
the stimulus which does not evoke an automatic response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
a stimulus that can evoke an unconditioned (automatic) response the 1st time it is present
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
the automatic response evoked by a UCS
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
the stimulus that is repeatedly paired with the UCS
Conditioned Response (CR)
the response to the CS
Operant
Skinner’s term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences.
Law of Effect
if a response is followed by a reward then that response will be strengthened; if a response is followed by no reward or punishement, it will be weakened
Positive Reinforcement
adding a pleasant stimulus in order to see the behavior more
Negative Reinforcement
subtracting an unpleasant stimulus in order to see the behavior more
Punishment by Application
A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus; also called positive punishment.
Punishment by Removal
A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus; also called negative punishment.
Shaping
rewarding successive approximations in order to acheive a desired goal
Partial Reinforcement
A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer.
Continual Reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response id followed by a reinforcer.
Three stages of memory?
Sensory Memory, Short-Term (Working) Memory, Long-Term Memory
What is sensory memory?
- First stage of memory
- Environmental information is registered
- Large capacity for information
- Duration: 1/4 second to 3 seconds
What is short-term (working) memory?
- New information is transferred from sensory memory
- Old information is retrieved from long-term memory
- Limited capacity for information
- Duration: approx. 20 seconds
What is long-term memory?
- Information that has been encoded in short-term memory is store
- Unlimited capacity for information
- Duration: potentially permanent
