Chapter 5 - Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

any relatively permanent change in behavior (or potential behavior) resulting from experience

Question 2

Conditioning

Answer 2

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

a form of learning which 2 stimulus events become associated in such a way that the occurance of one event relaiably predicts the occurance of the other

Question 4

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 4

the stimulus which does not evoke an automatic response

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 5

a stimulus that can evoke an unconditioned (automatic) response the 1st time it is present

Question 6

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Answer 6

the automatic response evoked by a UCS

Question 7

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

the stimulus that is repeatedly paired with the UCS

Question 8

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 8

the response to the CS

Question 9

Operant

Answer 9

Skinner’s term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences.

Question 10

Law of Effect

Answer 10

if a response is followed by a reward then that response will be strengthened; if a response is followed by no reward or punishement, it will be weakened

Question 11

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 11

adding a pleasant stimulus in order to see the behavior more

Question 12

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 12

subtracting an unpleasant stimulus in order to see the behavior more

Question 13

Punishment by Application

Answer 13

A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus; also called positive punishment.

Question 14

Punishment by Removal

Answer 14

A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus; also called negative punishment.

Question 15

Shaping

Answer 15

rewarding successive approximations in order to acheive a desired goal

Question 16

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 16

A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer.

Question 17

Continual Reinforcement

Answer 17

A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response id followed by a reinforcer.

Question 18

Three stages of memory?

Answer 18

Sensory Memory, Short-Term (Working) Memory, Long-Term Memory

Question 19

What is sensory memory?

Answer 19

• First stage of memory
• Environmental information is registered
• Large capacity for information
• Duration: 1/4 second to 3 seconds

Question 20

What is short-term (working) memory?

Answer 20

• New information is transferred from sensory memory
• Old information is retrieved from long-term memory
• Limited capacity for information
• Duration: approx. 20 seconds

Question 21

What is long-term memory?

Answer 21

• Information that has been encoded in short-term memory is store
• Unlimited capacity for information
• Duration: potentially permanent