Chapter 5 - Learning

Question 0

Classical conditioning

Answer 0

A simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with other stimulus

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

1) According to Behaviorists, a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience
2) According to cognitive theorists, the process by which organisms in the way they represent the environment because of experience

Question 2

Reflex

Answer 2

A simple unlearned response to a stimulus

Question 3

Stimulus

Answer 3

An environmental condition hat elicits a response

Question 4

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 4

A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning

Question 5

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 5

An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

Orienting reflex

Answer 6

An unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been already paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response

Question 8

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 8

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

The process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur; the learned responses are said to be extinguished

Question 10

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time

Question 11

Generalization

Answer 11

In conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned

Question 12

Discrimination

Answer 12

In conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that don’t forecast an unconditioned stimulus

Question 13

High order conditioning

Answer 13

A classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus
(For exp, first conditioning a dog to salivate in response to a tone. Then repeatedly paired the shining of a light with the sound of the tone. After several parings, shining the light comes to evoke the response (salivation) that had been already elicited by the tone)

Question 14

Biological preparedness

Answer 14

Readiness to acquire a certain kind of conditioned response due to the biological makeup of the organism
(Exp. people seem to be prepared to fear thunder, threatening faces, sharp objects, darkness, and heights)

Question 15

Counter conditioning

Answer 15

A fear reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear evoking stimuli so that the fear evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities

Question 16

Flooding

Answer 16

A behavioral fear reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning; fear evoking stimuli (CSs) are presented continuously in the absent of actual harm do that fear responses (CRs) are extinguished

Question 17

Systematic desensitization

Answer 17

A behavioral fear reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed

Question 18

Law of effects

Answer 18

Thorndike’s view that pleasant events stamp in response, and unpleasant events stamp them out

Question 19

reinforce

Answer 19

to follow a response with a stimulus that increase the frequency of the response

Question 20

Operant behavior

Answer 20

Behavior that operates on, or manipulates, the environment

Question 21

Operant conditioning

Answer 21

A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced

Question 22

Operant

Answer 22

The same as an operant behavior

Question 23

Positive reinforcer

Answer 23

A reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of an operant

Question 24

Negative reinforcer

Answer 24

A reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of an operant

Question 25

Primary reinforcer

Answer 25

An unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological makeup of the organism and not on learning

Question 26

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 26

A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcer

Question 27

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 27

Another form for secondary reinforcer

Question 28

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 28

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available

Question 29

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 29

A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced

Question 30

Partial reinforcement

Answer 30

One of several reinforcement in which not every response is reinforced

Question 31

Fixed-interval schedule

Answer 31

A schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available

Question 32

Variable-interval schedule

Answer 32

A schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available

Question 33

Fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 33

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after fixed number of correct responses

Question 34

Variable-ratio schedule

Answer 34

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses

Question 35

Shaping

Answer 35

A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior

Question 36

Successive approximations

Answer 36

Behaviors that are progressively closer to a target behavior

Question 37

Cognitive map

Answer 37

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

Question 38

Latent learning

Answer 38

Learning that is hidden or concealed

Question 39

Contingency theory

Answer 39

The view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli

Question 40

Observational learning

Answer 40

The acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others (who called models) rather than by means of direct experience

Question 41

Model

Answer 41

An organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism