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Psychology Unit 1 > Chapter 5: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

what is learning according to behaviorists

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

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2
Q

what is learning according to cognitive theorists

A

the process by which organisms make relatively permanent change in the way they represent the environment because of experience

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3
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

is a simple form of learning in which organisms come to anticipate or associate events with one another

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4
Q

what is a reflex

A

a simple unlearned response to a stimulus

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5
Q

what is stimuli

A

an environmental condition that elicits a response

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6
Q

what is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

a stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning

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7
Q

what is an unconditioned response (UCR)

A

an unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

what is an orienting reflex

A

an unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus

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9
Q

what is a conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response

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10
Q

what is a conditioned response (CR)

A

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

what is extinction

A

the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur

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12
Q

what is spontaneous recovery

A

the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time

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13
Q

what is generalization

A

the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned

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14
Q

what is discrimination

A

in conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not forecast a unconditioned stimulus

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15
Q

what is higher-order conditioning

A

a previously neutral stimulus comes to serve as learned or conditioned stimulus after being paired repeatedly with a stimulus that has already become of learned of conditioned stimulus

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16
Q

what is taste aversion

A

is a learned response to eating spoiled or toxic food. It can be acquired after only one association and the UCS can occur hours after the CS.

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17
Q

biologically prepared

A

readiness to acquire a certain kind of CR due to the biological makeup of the organism. (we are automatically scared of things that could harm us: snake, heights)

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18
Q

what is counterconditioning

A

an organism learns to respond to a stimulus in a way that is incompatible with a response that was conditioned earlier (ex// relaxation is incompatible with a fear response)

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19
Q

what is flooding

A

is a behavior therapy method for reducing fears, fear-evoking stimuli (CSs) are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that the fear responses are extinguished.

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20
Q

what is systematic desensitization

A

where a client is gradually exposed to fear-evoking stimuli under circumstances in which he or she remains relaxed.

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21
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

organism learning do things or not to do things because of the consequences of their behavior/ learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced

22
Q

what is the law of effect (thorndike’s law)

A

thorndike’s view that pleasant event stamp (strengthened) in responses and unpleasant events stamp them out

23
Q

what is reinforcement (b.f. skinner)

A

to follow a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response

24
Q

what is operant behavior/operants

A

behavior that operates on, or manipulates, the environment

25
Q

what is a difference in classical and operant conditioning

A

In classical, involuntary responses (blinking) are often conditioned. In operant, voluntary responses (moving) are often conditioned.

26
Q

what is one way that skinner different from psychologists?

A

ex// when helping people combat depression, most focus on their feelings. A skinnerian would focus on cataloging and modifying the types of things that depressed people do

27
Q

what are positive reinforcers

A

a reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of an operant

28
Q

what are negative reinforcers

A

a reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of an operant

29
Q

what are primary reinforcers

A

an unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological makeup of the organism and not on learning (food, water, warmth, pain)

30
Q

what are secondary/conditioned reinforcers

A

a stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers

31
Q

what is the difference between reinforcers and rewards/punishments

A

reinforcers are known for their effects. rewards/punishments are known by how they feel

32
Q

what is discriminative stimuli

A

a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available

33
Q

what is continuous reinforcement

A

a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced

34
Q

what is partial reinforcement

A

one of the several reinforcement schedules in which not every correct response is reinforced (gambling)

35
Q

what is a fixed-interval schedule

A

a schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available

36
Q

what is a variable-interval schedule

A

a schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available

37
Q

what happens in response to a fixed-interval schedule

A

an organism’s response rate falls off after each reinforcement and then picks up again as the time when reinforcement will occur approaches

38
Q

what happens in response to a variable-interval schedule

A

response rate is lower but steadier

39
Q

what is a fixed-ratio schedule

A

a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses

40
Q

what is a variable-ratio schedule

A

a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses

41
Q

what happens in response to a fixed-ratio schedule

A

the organism learns that it must make several responses before being reinforced, therefore it does the action rapidly

42
Q

what happens in response to a variable-ratio schedule

A

reinforcement is random so the unpredictability maintains a high response rate

43
Q

what is biofeedback training (BFT)

A

it is based on operant conditioning. it has enabled people and lower animals to learn to control autonomic responses to attain reinforcement.

44
Q

what is shaping

A

a procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior

45
Q

what are successive approximations

A

behaviors that are progressively closer to a target behavior

46
Q

what is programmed learning

A

an educational method that assumes that any complex task can broken down into many small steps

47
Q

what are cognitive maps

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

48
Q

what is latent learning

A

learning that is hidden or concealed

49
Q

what is the contingency theory

A

the view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli

50
Q

what is observational learning

A

the acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others rather than by means of direct experience

51
Q

what is a model in observational learning

A

an organism that engages in a response that is imitated by another organism

Psychology Unit 1 (3 decks)

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