Chapter 5 Large Biological Molecules

Question 1

Macromolecules are polymers built from

Answer 1

Monomers

Question 2

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

Answer 2

Enzymes
Most enzymes are proteins

Question 3

A reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a small molecule

Answer 3

Condensation reaction

Question 4

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

Answer 4

Dehydration reaction
Water is taken away to form larger molecules (polymers) from smaller ones (monomers)

Question 5

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water

Answer 5

Hydrolysis
Water is added to polymers (larger molecules) to break it into monomers (smaller molecules)

Question 6

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers or polymers of sugars

Answer 6

Carbohydrates
Serve as fuel and building material

Question 7

Polysaccharides on cell membranes act as

Answer 7

Cell identification tags

Question 8

Monosaccharides’ carbon skeletons range in size from ____ to ____ carbon atoms

Answer 8

3-7

Question 9

In water all monosaccharides that have 3 or more carbons atoms form

Answer 9

Ring structures

Question 10

Monosaccharides have a Carbon to water ratio

Answer 10

1:1
(1:2:1 C:H:O)

Question 11

A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

Answer 11

Starch

Question 12

Starch stored as granules within cellular structures are known as

Answer 12

Plastids

Question 13

The simplest form of starch

Answer 13

Amylose (distinctive spiral structure)

Question 14

The more complex starch

Answer 14

Amylopectin (branched)

Question 15

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals

Answer 15

Glycogen
(Animal starch)

Question 16

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls

Answer 16

Cellulose

Question 17

What is the most abundant organic compound on earth

Answer 17

Cellulose

Question 18

A structural polysaccharide, so sitting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

Answer 18

Chitin

Question 19

The one class of large biological molecules that do not include true polymers, and are generally not big enough to be considered macromolecules.

Answer 19

Lipids
Hydrophobic

Question 20

Cells in an animals body that is almost completely filled with fat

Answer 20

Adipose cells

Question 21

Fats that contains only single bonds in the hydrocarbon tail

Answer 21

Saturated fats
Solid at room temp

Question 22

Fats that contain double bonds in one or more hydrocarbon tail

Answer 22

Unsaturated
(Liquid at room temp)

Question 23

A fat that replaces one of its tails with a phosphate group

Answer 23

Phospholipid

Question 24

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

Answer 24

Fat

Question 25

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.

Answer 25

Steroid

Question 26

This accounts for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells.

Answer 26

Proteins

Question 27

A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptide folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.

Answer 27

Protein

Question 28

A polymer of many amino acids linked tother by peptide bonds

Answer 28

Polypeptide

Question 29

Bond that joins carbohydrate monomers into polymers

Answer 29

Glycosidic

Question 30

Discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

Answer 30

Gene

Question 31

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and , through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities.

Answer 31

Nuclei acid

Question 32

DNA

Answer 32

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 33

RNA

Answer 33

Ribonucleic acid

Question 34

The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNA

Answer 34

Gene expression

Question 35

Nucleic acid polymer

Answer 35

polynucleotide

Question 36

1.One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. 2.Which nitrogenous bases are in this group

Answer 36

1.Pyrimidine 2. Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

Question 37

1. One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-member end ring 2.Which nucleotides belong to this group

Answer 37

1. Purine 2. Adenine and Guanine

Question 38

The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component or RNA

Answer 38

Deoxyribose

Question 39

The sugar component of RNA nucleotides

Answer 39

Ribose

Question 40

In polynucleotides, adjacent nucleotides are joined by

Answer 40

Phosphodiester linkage

Question 41

The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.

Answer 41

Bioinformatics

Question 42

The systematic study of whole sets of genes and their interactions witching a species, as well as genome comparisons between species

Answer 42

Genomics

Question 43

The systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications and interactions

Answer 43

Proteomics