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Bio 200 > Chapter 5 Large Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Macromolecules are polymers built from

A

Monomers

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2
Q

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

A

Enzymes
Most enzymes are proteins

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3
Q

A reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a small molecule

A

Condensation reaction

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4
Q

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

A

Dehydration reaction
Water is taken away to form larger molecules (polymers) from smaller ones (monomers)

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5
Q

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water

A

Hydrolysis
Water is added to polymers (larger molecules) to break it into monomers (smaller molecules)

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6
Q

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers or polymers of sugars

A

Carbohydrates
Serve as fuel and building material

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7
Q

Polysaccharides on cell membranes act as

A

Cell identification tags

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8
Q

Monosaccharides’ carbon skeletons range in size from ____ to ____ carbon atoms

A

3-7

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9
Q

In water all monosaccharides that have 3 or more carbons atoms form

A

Ring structures

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10
Q

Monosaccharides have a Carbon to water ratio

A

1:1
(1:2:1 C:H:O)

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11
Q

A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

A

Starch

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12
Q

Starch stored as granules within cellular structures are known as

A

Plastids

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13
Q

The simplest form of starch

A

Amylose (distinctive spiral structure)

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14
Q

The more complex starch

A

Amylopectin (branched)

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15
Q

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals

A

Glycogen
(Animal starch)

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16
Q

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls

A

Cellulose

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17
Q

What is the most abundant organic compound on earth

A

Cellulose

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18
Q

A structural polysaccharide, so sitting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

A

Chitin

19
Q

The one class of large biological molecules that do not include true polymers, and are generally not big enough to be considered macromolecules.

A

Lipids
Hydrophobic

20
Q

Cells in an animals body that is almost completely filled with fat

A

Adipose cells

21
Q

Fats that contains only single bonds in the hydrocarbon tail

A

Saturated fats
Solid at room temp

22
Q

Fats that contain double bonds in one or more hydrocarbon tail

A

Unsaturated
(Liquid at room temp)

23
Q

A fat that replaces one of its tails with a phosphate group

A

Phospholipid

24
Q

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

A

Fat

25
Q

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.

A

Steroid

26
Q

This accounts for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells.

A

Proteins

27
Q

A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptide folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.

A

Protein

28
Q

A polymer of many amino acids linked tother by peptide bonds

A

Polypeptide

29
Q

Bond that joins carbohydrate monomers into polymers

A

Glycosidic

30
Q

Discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

A

Gene

31
Q

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and , through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities.

A

Nuclei acid

32
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

33
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

34
Q

The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNA

A

Gene expression

35
Q

Nucleic acid polymer

A

polynucleotide

36
Q

1.One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring.
2.Which nitrogenous bases are in this group

A

1.Pyrimidine
2. Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

37
Q
  1. One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-member end ring
    2.Which nucleotides belong to this group
A
  1. Purine
  2. Adenine and Guanine
38
Q

The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component or RNA

A

Deoxyribose

39
Q

The sugar component of RNA nucleotides

A

Ribose

40
Q

In polynucleotides, adjacent nucleotides are joined by

A

Phosphodiester linkage

41
Q

The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.

A

Bioinformatics

42
Q

The systematic study of whole sets of genes and their interactions witching a species, as well as genome comparisons between species

A

Genomics

43
Q

The systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications and interactions

A

Proteomics

Bio 200 (3 decks)

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