Chapter 5 Key Terms

Question 0

adaptation/protection theory

Answer 0

one of the four theories about the benefits of sleep; it states that sleep may have evolved because animals needed to protect themselves from predators that are more active at night

Question 1

activation-synthesis hypothesis

Answer 1

a biological view that suggests dreams are a by-product of random stimulation of brain cells during REM sleep

Question 2

addiction

Answer 2

a broad term referring to a condition in which a person feels compelled to use a specific drug

Question 3

agonist drug

Answer 3

a drug that ENHANCES a particular neurotransmitter’s effect

Question 4

antagonist drug

Answer 4

a drug that INHIBITS a particular neurotransmitter’s effect

Question 5

alternate state of consciousness (ASC)

Answer 5

the mental states found during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis, and so on

Question 6

automatic processing

Answer 6

used in the low and middle awareness levels of consciousness; for activities that require little to no attention, such as sleeping (low awareness) or walking while talking on the phone (middle awareness)

Question 7

circadian rhythms

Answer 7

the biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Question 8

cognitive view of dreaming

Answer 8

States that dreams are simply another type of information processing; that our dreams help us to periodically sift and sort our everyday experiences and thoughts

Question 9

consciousness

Answer 9

an organism’s awareness of its own self and surroundings

Question 10

controlled processing

Answer 10

used in the high awareness level of consciousness; it’s used for activities that require focused, maximum attention, such as learning to drive a car or studying for an exam

Question 11

cross-tolerance

Answer 11

occurs when one drug increases tolerance for another

Question 12

depressant

Answer 12

(sometimes called “downers”) act on the central nervous system to suppress or slow bodily processes and to reduce overall responsiveness

Question 13

drug abuse

Answer 13

refers to drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to oneself or others; typically compulsive, frequent, and intense

Question 14

dyssomnia

Answer 14

one of the two diagnostic categories of sleep disorders; a problem in the amount, timing, and quality of sleep; including insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy

Question 15

electroencephalograph (EEG)

Answer 15

it detects and records brain-wave changes by means of small electrodes on the scalp