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Psychology 2e > Chapter 5 key terms > Flashcards

Chapter 5 key terms Flashcards

1
Q

What is the absolute threshold?

A

Minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time.

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2
Q

What is an afterimage?

A

Continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus.

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3
Q

What does amplitude refer to?

A

Height of a wave.

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4
Q

What is the basilar membrane?

A

Thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system.

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5
Q

What is a binaural cue?

A

Two-eared cue to localize sound.

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6
Q

What is a binocular cue?

A

Cue that relies on the use of both eyes.

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7
Q

What is binocular disparity?

A

Slightly different view of the world that each eye receives.

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8
Q

What is a blind spot?

A

Point where we cannot respond to visual information in that portion of the visual field.

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9
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

System in which perceptions are built from sensory input.

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10
Q

What does closure refer to in perception?

A

Organizing our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts.

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11
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditory system.

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12
Q

What is a cochlear implant?

A

Electronic device that consists of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array to directly stimulate the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

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13
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

Failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles.

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14
Q

What is a cone?

A

Specialized photoreceptor that works best in bright light conditions and detects color.

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15
Q

What is congenital deafness?

A

Deafness from birth.

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16
Q

What is congenital insensitivity to pain?

A

Genetic disorder that results in the inability to experience pain.

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17
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Transparent covering over the eye.

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18
Q

What is deafness?

A

Partial or complete inability to hear.

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19
Q

What is a decibel (dB)?

A

Logarithmic unit of sound intensity.

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20
Q

What is depth perception?

A

Ability to perceive depth.

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21
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

All the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment.

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22
Q

What is the figure-ground relationship?

A

Segmenting our visual world into figure and ground.

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23
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Small indentation in the retina that contains cones.

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24
Q

What does frequency refer to?

A

Number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period.

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25
What is Gestalt psychology?
Field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts.
26
What is good continuation?
We are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines.
27
What is a hair cell?
Auditory receptor cell of the inner ear.
28
What is hertz (Hz)?
Cycles per second; measure of frequency.
29
What is inattentional blindness?
Failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention.
30
What is the incus?
Middle ear ossicle; also known as the anvil.
31
What is inflammatory pain?
Signal that some type of tissue damage has occurred.
32
What is interaural level difference?
Sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through the head.
33
What is interaural timing difference?
Small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear.
34
What is the iris?
Colored portion of the eye.
35
What is just noticeable difference?
Difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli.
36
What is kinesthesia?
Perception of the body’s movement through space.
37
What is the lens?
Curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus for light entering the eye.
38
What is linear perspective?
Perceive depth in an image when two parallel lines seem to converge.
39
What is the malleus?
Middle ear ossicle; also known as the hammer.
40
What is Meissner’s corpuscle?
Touch receptor that responds to pressure and lower frequency vibrations.
41
What is Ménière's disease?
Results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear.
42
What is Merkel’s disk?
Touch receptor that responds to light touch.
43
What is a monaural cue?
One-eared cue to localize sound.
44
What is a monocular cue?
Cue that requires only one eye.
45
What is neuropathic pain?
Pain from damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system.
46
What is nociception?
Sensory signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain.
47
What is the olfactory bulb?
Bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe, where the olfactory nerves begin.
48
What is an olfactory receptor?
Sensory cell for the olfactory system.
49
What is the opponent-process theory of color perception?
Color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and red-green.
50
What is the optic chiasm?
X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain’s ventral surface; represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes and the separation of information from the two sides of the visual field to the opposite side of the brain.
51
What is the optic nerve?
Carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
52
What are ossicles?
Three tiny bones in the middle ear consisting of the malleus, incus, and stapes.
53
What is a Pacinian corpuscle?
Touch receptor that detects transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations.
54
What is pattern perception?
Ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes.
55
What is the peak of a wave?
Highest point of a wave.
56
What is perception?
Way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced.
57
What is a perceptual hypothesis?
Educated guess used to interpret sensory information.
58
What is a pheromone?
Chemical message sent by another individual.
59
What is a photoreceptor?
Light-detecting cell.
60
What is the pinna?
Visible part of the ear that protrudes from the head.
61
What is pitch?
Perception of a sound’s frequency.
62
What is the place theory of pitch perception?
Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.
63
What is the principle of closure?
Organize perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts.
64
What is proprioception?
Perception of body position.
65
What is proximity in perception?
Things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together.
66
What is the pupil?
Small opening in the eye through which light passes.
67
What is the retina?
Light-sensitive lining of the eye.
68
What is a rod?
Specialized photoreceptor that works well in low light conditions.
69
What is a Ruffini corpuscle?
Touch receptor that detects stretch.
70
What is sensation?
What happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
71
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
Failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain.
72
What is sensory adaptation?
Not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time.
73
What is signal detection theory?
Change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state.
74
What is similarity in perception?
Things that are alike tend to be grouped together.
75
What is the stapes?
Middle ear ossicle; also known as the stirrup.
76
What is a subliminal message?
Message presented below the threshold of conscious awareness.
77
What is a taste bud?
Grouping of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud.
78
What is temporal theory of pitch perception?
Sound’s frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron.
79
What is thermoception?
Temperature perception.
80
What is timbre?
Descriptive term which refers to a sound’s quality; impacted by the interplay of frequency, amplitude, and timing of sound waves.
81
What is top-down processing?
Interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts.
82
What is transduction?
Conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential.
83
What is the trichromatic theory of color perception?
Color vision is mediated by the activity across the three groups of cones.
84
What is the trough of a wave?
Lowest point of a wave.
85
What is the tympanic membrane?
Eardrum.
86
What is umami?
Taste for monosodium glutamate.
87
What is vertigo?
Spinning sensation.
88
What is the vestibular sense?
Contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture.
89
What is the visible spectrum?
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see.
90
What is wavelength?
Length of a wave from one peak to the next peak.

Psychology 2e (5 decks)

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