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Bio 201 > Chapter 5 Integumentary system > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Integumentary system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Integumentray system consist of

A

Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands

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2
Q

Functions of skin

A

Skin is first and foremost a barrier.
Its main functions include:
Protection
Body temperature regulation
Cutaneous sensations
Metabolic functions
Blood reservoir
Excretion of wastes

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3
Q

Chemical barrier

A

skin secretes chemicals such as:
Sweat which contains antimicrobial proteins
Sebum and defensins which kill bacteria
Acid mantle- low pH which stops some bacteria
Melanin protects against UV radiation

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4
Q

Physical barrier

A

Flat, dead, keratinized cells surrounded by glycolipids, block: most water and water-soluble substances

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5
Q

Biological barrier

A

contains phagocytic cells which: engulf foreign antigens and present to white blood cells, activating the immune response

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6
Q

Insensible perspiration

A

Under normal, resting body temperature, sweat glands produce: about 500 ml/day of unnoticeable sweat

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7
Q

Sensible perspiration

A

If body temperature rises, dilation of dermal vessels can increase sweat gland activity to produce: 12 L (3 gallons) of noticeable sweat
Designed to cool body

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8
Q

Cold external environment

A

Dermal blood vessels constrict

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9
Q

Cutaneous Sensations

A

Cutaneous sensory receptors are part of the nervous system
Respond to stimuli such as: temperature, touch, and pain

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10
Q

Metabolic Functions

A

Skin can synthesize vitamin: D
Needed for: calcium absorption in the intestine
Requires: exposure to UV light
Lack of: Vitamin D can lead to a bone disorder called rickets

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11
Q

Blood Reservoir

A

Skin can hold up to 5 % of the body’s total blood volume
Skin vessels can be: constricted to shunt blood to other organs, such as an exercising muscle

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12
Q

Excretion

A

Skin can secrete limited amounts: of nitrogenous wastes such as ammonia, urea, and uric acid
Sweating can cause: salt and water loss

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13
Q

Epidermis

A

superficial region
Consists of: epithelial tissue and is avascular

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14
Q

Dermis

A

underlies epidermis
Mostly: fibrous connective tissue, vascular

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15
Q

Hypodermis (superficial fascia)

A

subcutaneous layer deep in the skin
Mostly adipose tissue that: absorbs shock and insulates
Anchors skin to underlying structures; mostly muscles
NOT part of skin but shares some function

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16
Q

Which of the layers are considered part of the skin?

A

Dermis, epidermis

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17
Q

Which of the layers are vascular? Avascular?

A

Dermis, epidermis

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18
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Major cells of epidermis

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19
Q

keratinocytes Produce fibrous

A

Keratin

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20
Q

keratinocytes are Tightly connected by

A

Desmosomes

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21
Q

Melanocytes

A

Spider-shaped cells located in the Deepest epidermis

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22
Q

Produce pigment

A

melanin

23
Q

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

A

Star-shaped, macrophages that petrol deep epidermis
Key activators of the Immune system

24
Q

Tactile (Merkel) cells

A

Sensory receptors that sense touch

25
Q

Stratum basale (Basal layer) (aka Stratum germinativum)

A

Deepest of all epidermal layers
Consists of a single row of stem cells that actively divide (mitotic), producing two daughter cells each time
10–25% of the layer is also composed of Melanocytes

26
Q

Stratum spinosum (Prickly layer )

A

Several cell layers thick
Cells contain a weblike system of intermediate keratin filaments attached to desmosomes
Allows them to resist tension and pulling
Scattered among keratinocytes are abundant melanosomes and dendritic cells

27
Q

Stratum granulosum (Granular layer)

A

Four to six cells thick, but cells are flattened, so layer is thin
Cell appearance changes
Cells flatten, nuclei and organelles disintegrate
Keratinization begins
Cells also accumulate lamellar granules, a water-resistant glycolipid that slows water loss
Cells above this layer die

28
Q

Stratum lucidum (Clear layer)

A

Found only in thick skin (Palm of hand and sole of foot)
Consists of a thin, translucent band of two to three rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes

29
Q

Stratum corneum (Horny layer)

A

20–30 rows of flat, anucleated, keratinized: dead cells
Accounts for: Three-quarters of epidermal thickness
Though dead, cells

30
Q

dead, cells still function to

A

Protect deeper cells from the environment
Prevent water loss
Protect from: abrasion and penetration
Act as a barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults

31
Q

Cells change by going through

A

Apoptosis

32
Q

Dermis

A

Strong, flexible: connective tissue
Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells
Contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
Contains epidermal hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands

33
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Superficial layer of areolar connective tissue consisting of loose, interlacing collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels
Loose fibers allow phagocytes to patrol for microorganisms

34
Q

Dermal papillae

A

superficial region of the dermis that: sends fingerlike projections up into the epidermis.
Projections contain capillary loops, free nerve endings, and touch receptors (Meissner’s corpuscles)
In thick skin, dermal papillae lie on top of dermal ridges, which give rise to: Epidermal ridges

35
Q

friction ridges

A

Enhance gripping ability
Contribute to a sense of touch
Sweat pores in ridges leave unique: fingerprint patterns

36
Q

Reticular Layer

A

Makes up 80 % of dermal thickness
Consists of: dense irregular connective tissue
Many elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
Collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency

37
Q

Cutaneous plexus

A

a network of blood vessels: between the reticular layer and hypodermis

38
Q

Cleavage (tension)

A

lines in the reticular layer are caused by many collagen fibers running parallel to the skin surface
Important to: surgeons because incisions parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily

39
Q

Flexure lines of reticular layer are

A

dermal folds at or near joints
Dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures
Skin’s inability to slide easily for joint movement causes deep creases

40
Q

Melanin

A

Only pigment made in skin made by melanocytes

41
Q

Packaged into melanosomes that are sent to

A

shield DNA of keratinocytes from damaging UV sunlight

42
Q

UV light destroys

A

folic acid
-Necessary for DNA synthesis, so insufficient folic acid is especially dangerous for developing embryos

43
Q

Why did different populations evolve different levels of melanin?

A

Different latitudes

44
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow to orange Pigment
Most obvious in palms and soles
From diet

45
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Pinkish hue of pale skin is due to lower levels of: melanin

46
Q

Cyanosis

A

blue skin color low oxygenation of hemoglobin

47
Q

Pallor

A

blanching or pale Anemiaa, low blood pressure, fear, anger

48
Q

Erythema

A

redness Fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

49
Q

Jaundice

A

yellow cast, liver disorders

50
Q

Bruises

A

black and blue marks, clotted blood beneath the skin

51
Q

Hair

A

Typically found all over the body except on: palms, soles, lips, nipples, and some portions of external genitalia

52
Q

Hair Functions

A

Warn of: insects on skin
Hair on the head guards against physical trauma
Protect from: heat loss
Shield skin from sunlight

53
Q

Structure of a Hair

A

Hairs (also called pili) flexible strands of dead, keratinized cells,Produced by hair follicles

Bio 201 (2 decks)

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