Chapter 5: Human Movement Science Flashcards
Acceleration
When a muscle exerts more force than is being placed on it, the muscle will shorten; also known as concentric contraction or force production.
Adduction
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.
Advanced Stage
The second stage of the dynamic pattern perspective theory when learners gain the ability to alter and manipulate the movements more efficiently to adapt to environmental changes.
Anatomic Locations
Refers to terms that describe locations on the body.
Anatomic Position
The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. The anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. Anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, and abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic position.
Anterior (or Ventral)
On the front of the body.
Association Stage
Fitt’s second stage in which learners become more consistent with their movement with practice.
Augmented Feedback
Information provided by some external source such as a fitness professional, videotape, or a heart rate monitor.
Autonomous Stage
Fitt’s third stage of motor learning in which the learner has refined the skill to a level of automation.
Biomechanics
- A study that uses principles of physics to quantitively study how forces interact within a living body. 2. The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
Chain
A system that is linked together or connected.
Abduction
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
Cognitive Stage
Fitt’s first stage of motor learning that describes how the learner spends much of the time thinking about what they are about to perform.
Concentric Muscle Action
When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle.
Contralateral
Positioned on the opposite side of the body.
Decelerate
When the muscle is exerting less force than is being placed on it, the muscle lengthens; also known as eccentric muscle action or force reduction.
Distal
Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference.
Dorsal
Refers to a position on the back or toward the back of the body.
Dorsiflexion
When applied to the ankle, the ability to bend at the ankle, moving the front of the foot upward.
Dynamic Functional Flexibility
Multiplanar soft tissue extensibility with optimal neuromuscular efficiency throughout the full range of motion.
Dynamic Joint Stabilization
The ability of the stabilizing muscles of a joint to produce optimum stabilization during functional, multiplanar movements.
Dynamic Pattern Perspective (DPP)
The theory that suggests that movement patterns are produced as a result of the combined interactions among many systems (nervous, muscular, skeletal, mechanical, environmental, past experiences, and so forth).
Dynamic Stabilization
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it. Also known as an isometric contraction.
Eccentric Muscle Action
An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.
Endurance Strength
The ability to produce and maintain force for prolonged periods.
Expert Stage
The third stage of the dynamic pattern perspective model in which the learner now focuses on recognizing and coordinating their joint motions in the most efficient manner.
Explosive Strength
The ability to develop a sharp rise in force production once a movement pattern has been initiated.
Extension
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.
External Feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.
External Rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.
Feedback
- The utilization of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to aid the kinetic chain in the development of permanent neural representations of motor patterns. 2. The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.
Flexion
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.
Force
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
Force-Couple
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint.
Force-Velocity Curve
The ability of the muscles to produce force with increasing velocity.
Frontal Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.
Functional Efficiency
The ability of the nervous and muscular systems to move in the most efficient manner while placing the least amount of stress on the kinetic chain.
Functional Strength
The ability of the neuromuscular systems to move in the most efficient manner while placing the least amount of stress on the kinetic chain.
Functional Strength
The ability of the neuromuscular system to perform dynamic eccentric, isometric, and concentric contractions efficiently in a multiplanar environment.
Goniometric Assessment
Technique Measuring angular measurement and joint range of motion.
Horizontal abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.
Horizontal adduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.
Human Movement Science
The study of functional anatomy, functional biomechanics, motion learning, and motor control.
Hyperextension
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit range of motion.
Inferior
Positioned below a point of reference.
Internal Feedback
The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
Internal Rotation
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.
Inversion
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus moves medially.
Ipsilateral
Positioned on the same side of the body.
Isokinetic Muscle Action
When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.
Isometric Muscle Action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
Joint Motion
Movement in a plane occurs about an axis running perpendicular to the plane.
Knowledge of Performance (KP)
A method of feedback that provides information about the quality of the movement pattern performed.
Knowledge of Results (KR)
A method of feedback after the completion of a movement to inform the client about the outcome of their performance.
Inversion
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus moves medially.
Lateral
Positioned toward the outside of the body.
Lateral Flexion
The bending of the spine (cervical, thoracic or lumbar) from side to side.
Law of Acceleration
Acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the size of the force causing it, in the same direction as the force, and inversely proportional to the size of the object.
Law of Action-Reaction
Every force produced by one object onto another produces an opposite force of equal magnitude.
Law of Gravitation
Two bodies have an attraction to each other that is directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance from each other.
Law of Thermodynamics
Weight reduction can only take place when there is more energy burned than consumed.
Length-Tension Relationship
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
Limit Strength
The maximum force a muscle can produce in a single contraction.
Medial
Positioned near the middle of the body.
Mode
Type of exercise performed.
Momentum
The product of the size of the object (mass) and its velocity (speed with which it is moving).
Motor Behavior
- The manner in which the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems interact to produce an observable mechanical response to the incoming sensory information from the internal and external environments. 2. Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.
Motor Control
- The involved structures and mechanisms that the nervous system uses to gather sensory information and integrate it with previous experiences to produce a motor response. 2. How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
Motor Development
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.
Motor Learning
The integration of motor control processes with practice and experience that lead to relatively permanent changes in the capacity to produce skilled movements.
Multisensory Condition
Training environment that provides heightened stimulation to proprioceptors and mechanoreceptors.
Muscle Action Spectrum
The range of muscle actions that include concentric, eccentric, and isometric actions.
Muscle Synergies
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement.
Neural Adaptation
An adaptation to strength training in which muscles are under direct command of the nervous system.
Neutralizer
Muscles that counteract the unwanted action of other muscles.
Novice Stage
The first stage of the dynamic pattern perspective model in which the learner simplifies movements by minimizing the specific timing of joint motions, which tends to result in movement that is rigid and jerky.
Perception
The integrating of sensory information with past experiences or memories.
Plane of Motion
Refers to the plane (sagittal, frontal, or transverse) in which the exercise is performed.
Plantarflexion
Ankle motion such that the toes are pointed toward the ground.
Posterior (Dorsal)
On the back of the body.
Preprogrammed
Activation of muscles in healthy people that occurs automatically and independently of other muscles before movement.
Pronation
A triplanar movement that is associated with force reduction.
Proximal
Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference.
Reactive Strength
The ability of the neuromuscular system to switch from an eccentric contraction to a concentric contraction quickly and efficiently.
Relative Strength
The maximum force that an individual can generate per unit of body weight, regardless of the time of force development.
Rotary Motion
Movement of the bones around the joints.
Sagittal Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.
Scapular Depression
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula.
Scapular Elevation
Upward (superior) motion of the scapula.
Scapular Protraction
Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline.
Scapular Retraction
Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline.
Sensation
The process whereby sensory information is received by the receptor and transferred either to the spinal cord for reflexive motor behavior or to higher cortical areas for processing.
Sensorimotor Integration
- The ability of the nervous system to gather and interpret sensory information to anticipate, select, and execute the proper motor response. 2. The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
Sensors
Provide feedback from the effectors to the central controller and cardiovascular control system. They include baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and muscle afferents.
Sensory Feedback
The process whereby sensory information is used to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
Speed Strength
The ability of the neuromuscular system to produce the greatest possible force in the shortest possible time.
Starting Strength
The ability to produce high levels of force at the beginning of a movement.
Relative Strength
The maximum force that an individual can generate per unit of body weight, regardless of the time of force development.
Rotary Motion
Movement of the bones around the joints.
Sagittal Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.
Structural Efficiency
The structural alignment of the muscular and skeletal systems that allows the body to be balanced in relation to its center of gravity.
Superior
Positioned above a point of reference.
Torque
- The ability of any force to cause rotation around an axis. 2. A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm.
Transverse Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.
Ventral
Refers to a position on the front or toward the front of the body.
