Chapter 5 Genetics Flashcards
What is genetic diversity?
Genetic diversity refers to the variety of genes within a species.
A pillar of biodiversity conservation and a forerunner of population health and persistence.
What are the negative impacts of genetic drift and bottlenecking?
- Loss of rare alleles
- Increased inbreeding
- Lack of heterozygosity
- Increased lethal load
What is mean kinship?
Average kinship between an individual and every other individual in a population
What does a bottleneck result in?
- Loss of alleles
- Increased homozygosity
- Inbreeding
What is the effective population size (Ne) for a population of 100 over 10 generations?
Ne10 = 100
What is the effective population size (Ne) after a crash to 10 individuals?
Ne10 = 52.63
What are the foundational elements of biodiversity conservation according to IUCN?
- Species diversity
- Ecosystem diversity
- Genetic diversity
- Population genetic diversity
- Population fitness
What are the two goals of studying genetics in conservation?
- Preserve heritable variation (maintains adaptive potential)
- Prevent fixation of alleles (especially deleterious alleles)
What is inbreeding depression?
Pattern of reduced reproduction and survival caused by mating of genetically-related individuals
What is the inbreeding coefficient (ΔF)?
The probability that 2 alleles at the same locus in an individual are identical by descent
What is the average heterozygosity (H)?
Average proportion of individuals in a population that are heterozygous for a particular trait
What does allelic diversity (A) measure?
The average number of alleles per locus
What are recessive lethal alleles?
Unexpressed in heterozygous state, result in death in a homozygous state
What is lethal load?
Proportion of recessive lethal alleles in a population
What is landscape genetics?
Interaction between loss of genetic diversity and habitat fragmentation
What are hybrids?
Offspring of matings between individuals of different species, subspecies, or populations
What is introgression?
Acquisition and incorporation of genetic material from one species into another
What does the kinship coefficient (kij) measure?
Probability that alleles from individuals i and j are identical by descent
What is gene diversity?
Probability that 2 alleles from the same locus sampled at random will not be identical by descent
How can one reduce the loss of genetic diversity?
- Grow population to carrying capacity
- Maximize number of breeders
- Equalize family sizes
- Equalize sex ratios of breeders
- Reduce fluctuations in population size
What is mean generation time?
The average age at which animals produce offspring
Fill in the blank: The effective population size is inevitably ______ than the real population size.
lower
What is effective population size and what are variables that effect it?
Effective population size refers to a measure of the real population size, taking into account variables such as uneven sex ratios, variance in litter size, and deviations from random mating patterns.
- Effective population size expresses that not every individual in a population will contribute gametes equally to the gene pool of the next generation
