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Environmental Science > Chapter 5 exam > Flashcards

Chapter 5 exam Flashcards

1
Q

Who wrote ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’?

A

Garrett Hardin

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2
Q

What does ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ parallel in today’s world?

A

Resource depletion and pollution

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3
Q

What are considered ‘the commons’ according to Hardin?

A

Seas, air, water, animals, and minerals

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4
Q

What is the external cost of exploiting the commons?

A

A cost paid by all people on Earth

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5
Q

List some current environmental problems mentioned in ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’.

A
  • Air pollution
  • Burning of fossil fuels
  • Frontier logging of old-growth forests
  • ‘slash and burn’
  • Habitat destruction and poaching
  • Over-extraction of groundwater and wastewater due to excessive irrigation
  • Overfishing
  • overpopulation
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6
Q

What is one limit of ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ regarding privatization?

A

Breaking a ‘commons’ into smaller, privately owned parcels doesn’t allow for one policy for entire commons (Dif policy/parcel)

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7
Q

How do economic decisions typically differ from environmental decisions?

A

Economic decisions are short term, environmental decisions are long term

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8
Q

What could be an incentive for investors to bear a short-term cost for a long-term gain?

A

Incorporating discount rates into the valuation of resources

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9
Q

privately owned land is subject to

A

Market pressure

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10
Q

What commons are easier to control than others?

A

land, lakes, rangeland, deserts, forests

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11
Q

Define clear-cutting

A

all the trees in an area are cut at the same time

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12
Q

Environmental impacts of clearcutting

A
  • decrease in biodiversity bc loss of habitat
  • too warm/dry ground for plants
  • no wood in long term
  • microclimates changed, affects food webs
  • reduced old-growth forests and short-term carbon sinks = co2
  • water runoff
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13
Q

What is an edge effect?

A

local environment changes along boundary or edge

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14
Q

How do edges occur? When do edges begin to fade?

A

Harvesting/clearcutting. When new trees emerge on clear-cut

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15
Q

What is deforestation?

A

conversion of forested areas to non forested areas to serve another purpose like grasslands, mining, logging, etc.

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16
Q

What causes natural deforestation?

A

fire, glaciation, tsunami, eruption

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17
Q

Impacts of deforestation

A
  • runoff
  • change local climate patterns
  • decreasing soil fertility by erosion and dryness from sunlight
  • reduced biodiversity and ecological services
  • increased habitat fragmentation
  • increased co2
  • reduced habitat
  • extinction of niche species
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18
Q

Steps to mitigate deforestation:

A
  • uneven aged forest management practices
  • educating farmers
  • monitor and enforce timber-harvesting laws
  • grow timber on longer rotations
  • reducing fragmentation
  • reducing road building
  • reducing clearcutting
  • sustainable tree cutting methods (selective and strip)
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19
Q

What major shift occurred around 2000 B.C.E. regarding human lifestyle?

A

The transition from hunting and gathering to the domestication of plants and animals –> cities and experiment with plants

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20
Q

What period is defined as occurring between 1700 and 1900 C.E.?

A

The Agricultural Revolution occurring alongside the Industrial Revolution.

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21
Q

What role did mechanization play in the Agricultural Revolution?

A

It changed the way people farmed, now using plows and seed drills.

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22
Q

During 1700 - 1900, what were the effects on livestock

A
  • Advances in breeding livestock
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23
Q

What was a significant outcome of increased agricultural output during the Agricultural Revolution?

A

It made it possible to feed large, urban populations.

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24
Q

List some improvements in agricultural methods during the Agricultural Revolution.

A
  • Soil preparation
  • Fertilization
  • Crop care
  • Harvesting
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25
Q

How did new banking and lending practices impact farmers during the Agricultural Revolution?

A

They helped farmers afford new equipment and seeds.

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26
Q

What new crops were introduced to Europe from trade with the Americas during the Agricultural Revolution?

A
  • Corn
  • Potatoes
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27
Q

How did railroads contribute to agriculture during the Agricultural Revolution?

A

They allowed for the distribution of products.

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28
Q

What invention allowed farmers to avoid wasting seeds?

A

The seed drill.

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29
Q

What impact did the invention of tractors and other farm machinery have on farming?

A

It improved efficiency on farms.

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30
Q

What period is defined as 1900 C.E. to the present?

A

The era of mechanization and scientific farming methods

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31
Q

What are some benefits of mechanization in agriculture today?

A

It requires less labor and makes food prices more affordable.

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32
Q

When was the first green revolution?

A

1940s-1980s

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33
Q

During the 1940 Green Revolution, what methods were used?

A
  • inorganic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides
  • irrigation methods
  • high yielding crop seeds that were disease resistant and tolerant
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34
Q

When was the second green revolution?

A

1980s to present

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35
Q

During the second green revolution, what shaped agricultural policy, food production, and distribution systems?

A

new engineering techniques and free-trade agreements

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36
Q

Innovations during Second Green Revolution?

A
  • GMOs (golden rice and bt corn)
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37
Q

What does agricultural productivity mean?

A

Greater output with less input, more efficient

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38
Q

How does increased agricultural productivity affect food prices?

A

It tends to stabilize food prices and makes more food available to more people.

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39
Q

What issues are often linked with increases in agricultural productivity?

A

Sustainability, safety, pollution, and demands on finite resources.

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40
Q

Define desertification.

A

The conversion of marginal rangeland or cropland to a more desert-like land type.

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41
Q

What are common causes of desertification?

A
  • Overgrazing
  • Soil erosion
  • Prolonged drought
  • Climate change
  • Overuse of resources
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42
Q

What is the first step in the desertification process?

A

Overgrazing=eating all available plant life.

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43
Q

What happens to soil during the desertification process?

A

Rain washes it away due to lack of vegetation.

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44
Q

What occurs after wells, springs, and other water sources dry up in the desertification process?

A

Remaining vegetation dies from drought or is taken for firewood.

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45
Q

What type of plants may take over as desertification progresses?

A

Weeds

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46
Q

What is overgrazing?

A

Plants are re-grazed before roots recover, reducing root growth by up to 90%.

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47
Q

What happens to roots when plants are grazed severely?

A

Plants use energy stored in roots for regrowth, leading to root dieback.

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48
Q

How does root dieback affect soil?

A

It adds organic matter to the soil, increasing soil porosity and moisture-holding capacity.

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49
Q

List some environmental consequences of overgrazing.

A
  • Decrease in soil porosity
  • Decrease in biodiversity
  • Stress on desirable plants
  • Increased eutrophication
  • Reduced pasture productivity
  • Disruption of predator-prey relationships
  • Damage to riparian areas
  • increased silting
  • Decrease in soil fertility
  • Increased disease incidence in native plants
  • Lower infiltration rate and moisture-holding capacity
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50
Q

True or False: Overgrazing can lead to an increase in soil fertility.

A

False

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51
Q

What are reasons for increases in agriculture. productivity?

A

fertilizers and gmos

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52
Q

what is an inorganic fertilizer

A

mined from mineral deposits or manufactured from synthetic compounds

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53
Q

list advantages of inorganic fertilizer

A
  • controlled release
  • easier
  • cheaper
  • precise content
    -soil organisms don’t need to break down matter
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54
Q

what is the percentage by weight that nutrients are provided (what do they stand for)

A

NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium)

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55
Q

what are disadvantages of inorganic fertilizers

A
  • only offer 3/13 nutrients
  • leaching
  • lose organic matter over time and organisms
  • more inorganic chemicals needed over time for growth as water holding capacity diminishes
  • mineral salts not a food source for worms
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56
Q

What are the pros of organic fertilizer?

A
  • add organic matter and humus
  • feed organisms
  • improve moister retention = less leaching
  • improve soil quality and structure
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57
Q

what does adding organic matter and humus to the soil do?

A

provides a balanced supply of nutrients and improves root growth

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58
Q

What are the cons of organic fertilizer?

A
  • expensive
  • labor-intensive
  • limited nutrient availability because release depends on climate and microorganism
  • pathogenic
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59
Q

what are the pros of gmos

A
  • faster growth = greater productivity = greater profit
  • lower price of food and increase nutritional content
  • reduced pesticide use, less water waste, lower carbon emissions
  • higher crop yields
  • less spoilage
  • able to thrive in poorer quality soil
  • less water and fertilizer
  • resistant
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60
Q

what are the cons of gmos

A
  • sterile seeds
  • not proven safe for human consumption
  • changes to food supply = toxins and allergies
  • less biodiversity
  • pesticide-resistant strains
  • harm beneficial insect
  • harmful mutations
  • unknown ecological effects
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61
Q

what are rangelands

A

native grasslands, woodlands, wetlands, and deserts grazed by domestic livestock or wild animal

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62
Q

how much do rangelands make up out of the landmass in us

A

40%

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63
Q

What are rangelands primarily managed through?

A

Livestock grazing and prescribed fire

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64
Q

Name one method of rangeland management that helps not exceed carrying capacity.

A

Controlling the number and distribution of livestock

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65
Q

What is the purpose of fencing riparian areas in rangeland management?

A

To reduce damage to sensitive areas

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66
Q

Why are water holes, water tanks, and salt blocks strategically located in rangeland management?

A

To avoid degrading the environment

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67
Q

What is the benefit of moving livestock from one area to another?

A

To allow the rangeland to recover

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68
Q

What is another method of rangeland management involving feed

A

providing supplemental feed

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69
Q

What is done to reduce soil erosion on barren rangeland?

A

Replanting with native grass seed

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70
Q

What is one method for degraded rangeland?

A

Restoring

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71
Q

What is a rangeland management method involving supression.

A

suprpress growth of invasive plant species

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72
Q

What is the fifth-rated threat to endangered plant species in the United States?

A

Livestock grazing

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73
Q

What is slash-and-burn agriculture?

A

A method of growing food or clearing land by clear-cutting wild or forested land and burning remaining vegetation

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74
Q

What is one environmental consequence of slash-and-burn agriculture?

A

An increase in air pollution

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75
Q

What is another consequence of slash-and-burn agriculture?

A

An increase in dust storms

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76
Q

What is a consequence of slash-and-burn agriculture related to soil?

A

An increase in soil erosion

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77
Q

What impact does slash-and-burn agriculture have on water?

A

An increase in water pollution

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78
Q

What is a consequence of slash-and-burn agriculture on wildlife?

A

Loss of habitat for native species

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79
Q

What does the layer of ash from slash-and-burn provide?

A

A nutrient-rich layer to help fertilize crops

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80
Q

What happens to the land after the nutrients are depleted in slash-and-burn agriculture?

A

Farmers must abandon the land and move to a new plot

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81
Q

What is soil erosion

A

movement of weathered rock or soil components from one place to another

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82
Q

What causses soil erosion

A

flowing water, wind, human activity

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83
Q

What are the impacts of soil erosion?

A

destroys soil profile, decreases water-holding capacity, and increases soil compaction.

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84
Q

What is a positive feedback loop in the context of soil erosion?

A

Soil erosion leads to decreased water retention, causing more runoff and further erosion.

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85
Q

How does soil erosion affect crops?

A

Crops grown in areas of soil erosion frequently suffer from water shortages.

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86
Q

What can soil erosion lead to in areas of low precipitation?

A

Significant droughts.

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87
Q

Name poor agricultural techniques that sleads to soil erosion.

A
  • Improper plowing of the soil.
  • monoculture
  • overgrazing
  • removing crop wastes
  • row cropping
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88
Q

What is soil degradation?

A

The decline in soil condition caused by improper use or poor management.

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89
Q

What are the three types of soil degradation?

A
  • desertification
  • salinization
  • waterlogging
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90
Q

What is desertification

A

productive potential of arid/semiarid land falls 10%

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91
Q

What are the symptoms of desertification?

A

loss of native vegetation, wind erosion, salization, dropped water table, reduced surface water supply

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92
Q

Remedy for desertification

A

reduce overgrazing, reduce deforestation, reduce destructive methods, plant trees and grasses

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93
Q

What is salization

A

unabsorbed water that evaporates, leaving salts on topsoil

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94
Q

What are the symptoms of salinization

A

stunted crop growth, lower yield

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95
Q

remedy for salinization

A

irrigate or flush with freshwater, use drip irrigation, don’t plant crops requiring large amounts of water, plant crops that remove salts, improve drainage, organic/saltfree fertilizer, humus, plant vegetation in coastal areas

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96
Q

What is waterlogging?

A

sturation of soil with water, rise in water table

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97
Q

symptoms of waterlogging

A

saline water envelops deep roots, killing plants, lowers productivity

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98
Q

remedy for waterlogging

A

less water-demanding plants, conservation tillage farming, plant resisant trees with deep roots, take land out, install pumping stations

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99
Q

What is tillage

A

process of plowing and breaking up the soil surface to expose, smooth, and plant

100
Q

Purposes of tillage?

A
  • activate pesticides
  • bury heavy crop residue
  • incorporate manure and fertilizer into roots
  • leveling soil
  • turn over cover crops
  • seedbed preparation
  • soil aeration
  • weed supression
101
Q

What is a consequence of tillage relating to poor water infiltration?

A

accelerating surface runoff, increasing water and wind erosion

102
Q

what is a consequence of tillage relating to organisms

A

affects soil organisms

103
Q

what is the impact of tillage on surface water quality

A

deteriorate quality due to increased concentration of sediment

104
Q

what can develop from tillage

105
Q

What happens to the topsoil because of tillage

A

topsoil loss exceed replacement, decreasing soil fertility

106
Q

What is irrigation

A

applicaiton of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals

107
Q

what are the five types of irrigation

A
  • ditch
  • drip
  • flood
  • furrow (channel)
  • spray
108
Q

What is ditch irrigation

A

ditches dug, seedlings planted in rows

109
Q

How is water involved in ditch irrigation

A

plants watered via canals which gain water from siphon tubes

110
Q

What is drip irrigation?

A

water delivered at roots through small tubes that drip water

111
Q

what irrigation method is the most sustainable

112
Q

how does drip irrigation compate to flood irrigation

A

drip irrigation reduces water consumption 70% and increases crop yields by 90%

113
Q

what are the advantages of drip irrigation?

A
  • efficient
  • minimizes water loss
  • reduces weed terrain
  • applicable on difficult terrain
114
Q

what are the disadvantages of drip irrigation

A
  • precise installaton
  • high set up costs
  • high maintence
115
Q

what is flood irrigation

A

water pumped or brought to fields

116
Q

What irrigation method is most widely used in less developed countries because it is simple and inexpensive

117
Q

what is furrow irrigation

A

parallel channels dug along field on a slope where water slides down

118
Q

what is spray irrigation

A

overhead sprinklers, sprays or guns

119
Q

What are the advantages of sprinklers

A

covers large areas, applicable on difficult terrain

120
Q

What are the disadvantage of sprinklers

A

high initial costs, evaporative loss

121
Q

What are the advantages of surface irrigation

A

inexpensive, need slope

122
Q

What are the disadvantages of surface irrigation

A

changes to land, re-sloping, large amounts of water, waterlogging

123
Q

what are the types of pesticides

A

biological, carbamates, fumigants

124
Q

examples of biological pests?

A

bacteria, ladyugs, wasps, virus

125
Q

what is a method for biological pesticides involving insects

A

sterile insects compete with wild males, reducing population

126
Q

what are carbamates?

A

swells tissue of the pests

127
Q

what are fumigants used for?

A

sterilize soil and prevent pest infestation of stored grain

128
Q

what are inorganic pesticides?

A

broad based pesticides that are highly toxic

129
Q

What are organic pesticides?

A

natural poisons from plants

130
Q

What are organophosphates?

A

extremely toxic but remain in environment for a brief time

131
Q

What does POPS stand for

A

persistent organic pollutants

132
Q

what are POPs?

A

an organic group of chemical compounds that don’t break down through chemical and biological processes

133
Q

What do POP exposures cause?

A

declines, disease, abnormailites in wildlife

134
Q

What is an example of POP

A

DDT pesticide

135
Q

Why are pest numbers increasing?

A
  • genetic resistance
  • increased mobility
  • reduced crop rotation
  • reduced diversity
136
Q

Pros of pesticides

A
  • profitable
  • increased food supply = cheap food
  • kill pests
  • safer, specific, less persistant
  • reduce labor cost
  • policies
137
Q

What are the cons of pesticides?

A
  • accumulation
  • expensive
  • external costs to humanity
  • inefficiency
  • pesticide runoff
  • resisitance
  • threaten endangered species and us
138
Q

What is pesticide resistance

A

decreased susceptibility of a pest population to pesticide

138
Q

What is pesticide treadmill

A

Farmers use more pesticides when pests become resistant, which toxicates animals that eat/compete with pests (magnify problem)

139
Q

What is IPM stand for

A

integrated pest management

139
Q

What is IPM

A

ecological pest-control strategy using biological, chemical, and physical methods used in combination or sucession

140
Q

when IPM is used in combination, it can

A

reduce or eliminate traditional pesticides

141
Q

Method used in IPM

A
  • construction of mechanical controls
  • developing gmos that are pest-resistant
  • intercropping
  • natural insect predators
  • pest repellant crops
  • polyculture
  • monitoring
  • release sterilized insects
  • rotating crops
  • using mulch
  • using pheromones
  • using pyrethroids
142
Q

IPM can reduce

A
  • bioacculumation
    -biomagnification
  • resistant pesticides
  • destruction of organisms
143
Q

What does CAFOs stand for?

A

concentrated animal feeding operations

144
Q

What is a CAFO?

A

intensive animal feeding operation where large numbers of animals are confined in feeding pens for 45+days

145
Q

What is a consequence of CAFOs that affect water quality?

A

large amounts of manure = risk to water quality

146
Q

pollutants associated with CAFO

A
  • antibiotics
  • N & P
  • NHS3, CO2, H2S, CH4
  • organic matter
  • pathogens
    -pesticides and hormones
  • salts
  • solids and trace
147
Q

What are the two main contributors to water pollution caused by CAFOs

148
Q

water pollution from CAFO can affect both

A

groundwater and surface water

149
Q

what is the primary cause of gas emissions from CAFOs

A

decomposition of manure stored in large quantities

150
Q

CAFOS emit strains of

A

antibiotic resistant bacteria

151
Q

what forms the base of the marine food web

A

phytoplankton

152
Q

phytoplankton are responsible for half of

A

global carbon dioxide fixation

153
Q

TF: our oceans are facing depletion of nutrients

154
Q

how much of total catch is bycatch

155
Q

what is aquaculture

A

commercial growing of aquatic organisms for food

156
Q

What is an advantage of aquaculture

A

produces more grams of protein for less input

157
Q

aquaculture creates

A

dense monocultures that reduce biodiversity and produces lots of nutrients

158
Q

what are methods to manage marine fishing

A
  • eliminate govt subsidies
  • increase marine sanctuaries
  • prevent importation
  • require labeling of sustainablly raised fish
  • require fishing licenses and open inspections
159
Q

what are methods to restore freshwater fish food webs

A
  • control erosion
  • control invasive species
  • create or restore fish passages
  • enforce laws
  • plant native vegetation
159
Q

What is mining?

A

removing mineral resource form the ground

160
Q

What are the environmental effects of mining

A

waer, displacement of species, reclamation

161
Q

What is processing

A

removing ore from gangue

162
Q

What are the environmental effects of processing

163
Q

What is use relating to mining?

A

distribution to end user

164
Q

what are the environmental effects of use in mining

A

air pollution involved in transportation

165
Q

what are the 6 types of surface mining

A
  • contour
  • dredging
  • in situ
  • mountaintop
  • open pit
  • strip
166
Q

what is contour mining?

A

removing overburden from the seam following contour

167
Q

What is dedging?

A

method for mining below water table

168
Q

in dredging, suction or scoops are used to

A

bring material up from water

169
Q

what is in situ

A

small holes drilled into earth and chemical solvents injected

170
Q

what is mountaintop removal

A

expose coal seams and dispose of overburden

171
Q

what is open pit mining?

A

extracting rock/minerals from an open pit when deposits found near surface

172
Q

What is strip mining

A

exposes coal by removing the soil above each coal sem

172
Q

What are the 3 types of underground mining?

A
  • blast
  • longwall
  • room and pillar
173
Q

What is blast mining?

A

uses explosives to break up seam, conveyors and processing center

174
Q

What is longwall mining?

A

using rotating drum with teeth across coal seam

175
Q

What is room and pillar mining

A

half of coal left in place as pillars to support roof of active mining area

176
Q

What is the environmental damage caused by mining

A
  • acid drainage
  • disrupt habitat and microogranisms
  • in situ leaching enter water table
  • dust released
  • land subsidence
  • large consumption and release of water
177
Q

What can we do to mitigate enviornmental damage from mining?

A
  • constructing wetlands
  • adding new topsoil and nutrients to improve soil fertility and structure
  • neutralizing soil
  • recountouring land
  • replanting the area with native vegetation
  • acidophiles
178
Q

What is urbanization?

A

movement of people from rural areas to cities

179
Q

What two countries experience the greatest growth in urbanization

A

Asia and Africa

180
Q

nations with the most rapid increases in [] are generally those with the most rapid [] growth

A

urbanization, economic

181
Q

what are the pros of urbanization

A
  • better educational delivery system
  • better sanitation systems
  • high tax revenues
  • efficient recycling systems
182
Q

What is a pro of urbanization regarding industry and land

A

attract industry, less land

183
Q

What is a pro of urbanization relating to transit systems

A

decrease reliance on fossil fuels

184
Q

What are the cons of urbanization

A
  • overcrowded schools
  • greater wastes
  • lots of poorness = pressure on social services
  • longer commuting times
  • pollution
  • landfills become scarce
  • high crime
  • water runoff and flooding
185
Q

What is urbal sprawl

A

expansion of human populations away form urban areas into low density and car-dependent communities

185
Q

reasons for urban sprawl

A

need for cars, higher income, tax advantages of buying house, company moves, better school and low crime, aesthetics

186
Q

characteristics of urban sprawl

A
  • job sprawl
  • land use conversion
  • leap frog development
  • low density housing
  • single use development
187
Q

What is job sprawl

A

low density, spread out patterns of employment where jobs in metropolitian area located outside the skirts of area

188
Q

What is land use conversion in urban sprawl

A

consume productive agricultural land such as forests and other areas

189
Q

What is leap frog development

A

developments separated by greenbelts

190
Q

how does single use development relate to urban sprawl

A

commercial, residential, industrial areas seprated from each other

191
Q

what are the environmetal consequences of urbal sprawl

A
  • increase in air temp
  • decrease in natural areas
  • water pollution increases because of urban runoff
192
Q

timberland is increasing in value at an annual rate of __ but interest rates on loans to purchase the land are ___

193
Q

For example, between 1950 and 2000, the amount of milk produced per cow rose an average of ___% and corn yields averaged an increase of ___%.

A

250%, 300%

194
Q

NPK is what percentage of nutrients

A

12%, 10%, 10%

195
Q

It is estimated that up to___ of foods ni grocery stores contain ingredients that come from genetically modified crops.

196
Q

Currently, livestock
raised for meat on rangelands uses around ___ of global ice-free land and ___ of global freshwa-
ter, while producing about ____ of global greenhouse gas emissions.

A

30%, 8%, 18%

197
Q

___ percent of all freshwater used on Earth is used for agriculture, but approximately ___ of that water is lost through evaporation, leakage, and seepage.

197
Q

Compared with conventional flood irrigation, drip methods can reduce the volume of water applied ot fields by up to ___, while increasing crop yields up to ___

198
Q

the area under drip irrigation has increased by %,

199
Q

Almost ___ of the world’s farmland that is irrigated yields of the world’s food supply.

200
Q

how much of pesticides reach a pest

201
Q

Globally, ruminant livestock (e.g., cows) are responsible for about ___% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions released per year, the US making about

202
Q

Aquatic plants require sunlight and are therefore largely restricted ot shallow coastal waters, which make up les than __% of hte worlds’ ocean area yet contain __% of al marine species.

203
Q

Aquaculture is growing about ___ annually and provides ___of the total food production worldwide,

204
Q

what is smart growth

A

urban planning and transportation plan to slow urban sprawl and concentrate growth in urban villages

205
Q

What does smart growth value

A

long-range, regional conderations of sustainaility

206
Q

Sustainable development strategies for smart growth

A
  • mixed use planning
  • developing greenbelts
  • property tax incentives
  • provide subsidies for mass transit systems and riders
  • reducing urban blight through green, open spaces
207
Q

what is urban development

A

process of designing and shaping the physical features of cities and towns with making urban areas attractive, functional, and sustainable

208
Q

what are some urban development strategies:

A
  • using designs that minimze waste
  • recycled matierial
  • conserving energy
  • improved indoor air quality
  • buildings near public transportation
  • preserve historical and cultural aspects of community
  • resource efficient building techniques
  • conserving water through xeriscaping
209
Q

what is urban runoff

A

surface runoff of rainwater caused by urbanization

210
Q

urbanrunoff is the source of

A

urban flooding and water pollution, lowering of the water table

211
Q

how does urban runoff work

A

impervious surfaces like roads and sidewalks carry polluted storm water to storm drains instead of into the soil

212
Q

paved surfaces can lead to an

A
  • increased algae
  • increase in groundwater depletion
  • increase in risk of infections and diseases
  • microclimates
  • fragmented habitats from urban runoff
  • reducing biodiversity and impacting food webs
213
Q

Kepl makes up about ____ of aquaculture output and si used as afood product and as asource of various products used ni the food indus- try.

213
Q

urban runoff results in

A
  • increased erosion and sedimentation in runoff
  • increased temp of water in streams and waterways
  • runoff containing gas, metals, trash, etc.
214
Q

what is an ecological footprint

A

measure of human demand on earth’s ecosystems and natural capital

214
Q

ecological footprints represnt

A

amount of biologically productive land and sea necessary to supply our resources consumed

215
Q

wwho has the larges ecological footprint

216
Q

what is sustainabilioty

A

capacity for biosphere and humans to coexist through balance of resources

217
Q

what is the ipat formula

A

explain human consumption in 3 variables

218
Q

each humn on earth uses () gloval hectares of earth resources per person world wide

218
Q

what are the 3 variable in the ipat formula and what do they mean

A

s: human population (P), levels of consumption (A), impact humans have on resources (T)

218
Q

what is the ipat formula in formula form

219
Q

what are solutions to environmental problems caused by unsustainable resource use and pollution

A

sustainable agricultural practice, reducing consumption and waste, quotas, water management

220
Q

earth system processes as described by the 9 planetayr sustainability boundaries

A
  • biodiversity loss
  • climate change
  • freshwater
  • land use
  • statospheric ozone depletion
221
Q

sustainable agricultural practices emphasize production and food systems that are

A
  • environmentally sound, energy efficient, improved quality of life (long term solutions
222
Q

exammples of sustainable agricultural practices

A
  • ecologically based pest management programs
  • diversifying farns
  • increasing energy efficiency
  • integrated crop and livestock production
  • protecting water quality
  • reducing tilliage
  • rotate crops
  • cover crops, green manure, animal manure
  • water and nutrient efficieency
223
Q

what are factors that foster sustainable agriculture

A

-knowledge about resources and processes provided by agriculture
- policies or incentives for producers
- public education to inform consumers and officials about managements practices

224
Q

what are factors that discourage adoption of sustainable agricultural practices?

A
  • agricultural subsidies that favor excessive production of single commodity
  • political pressure
  • uninformed
  • no penalties
225
Q

contour plowing

A

plowing along contour of land to minimze erosion

226
Q

no till agriculture

A

soil left undisturbed and residue left

227
Q

planting perennial crops

A

crops that live for several years

228
Q

what are the advantages of planting perrenial crops

A
  • consistent harvesting
  • deepr root systems
  • improved soil structure
  • saved energy
  • split into two or more separate plants
  • hardier than annuals
  • retain enough foilage to effectivey cover crop
229
Q

What is strip cropping

A

cultivation in which different crops sown in alternate strips

230
Q

terracing

A

make or form into a number of flat areas resembling series of steps

231
Q

windbreaks

A

rows of trees that provide shelter or protection from wind

Environmental Science (6 decks)

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