Chapter 5: Endocrine Flashcards
nervous system uses ________
NT
neuroendocrinology: neuroendocrine system
- endocrine system releases hormones
- nervous system uses neurotransmitters
endocrine system releases _______
hormones
endocrine glands
release hormones directly into the blood stream
hormones
-alter the activity of tissues that possess receptors to which the hormone can bind
- several classes based on chemical makeup
amino acid derivatives
peptides/proteins
steroids
2 control systems of the body
endocrine and nervous system
many hormones act as _____
NT
many diseases are _______ diseases
receptor
steroids can make their way into cell’s whereas ______ have to bind
peptides
blood hormone concentration: the effect of a hormone on a tissue is determined by the ________
plasma concentration
insulin is made in the _______ (in pancreas)
islets of langerhan
hormone-receptor interactions
- hormones only affect tissue with specific receptors**
- magnitude of effect dependent on concentration of the hormone, # of receptors on the cell, and affinity of the receptor for the hormone
hormone-receptor interactions: downregulation
decrease in receptor number in response to high concentration of hormone
hormone-receptor interactions: upregulation
increase in receptor number in response to low concentration of hormone
thyroid hormone - overall _____
metabolism
you have to have ______ in order to make thyroid hormone
iodine
diabetes type 2 - problem with the _____
receptor
takes longer to effect the _______ when tearing them dow or building them up. Hormones work faster
receptor
mechanisms of hormone action: altering membrane transport
insulin
altering activity of DNA to modify protein synthesis
steroid hormones
activating 2nd messenger via G protein
cAMP
Ca^2+
inositol triphosphate
diacylglycerol
tyrosine kinase
insulin and GH
anabolic steroids
build muscle protein; actually enter the nucleus and start to have the nucleus initiate protein sythesis
when you have a 2nd messenger, hormone _____ enter cell, it _____ to receptor
does not
binds
steroid hormone
nonpolar (dont dissolve in H2O)
needs to be carried by a carrier protein
_____ can either bind to receptor on cell or enter nucleus
hormones
hormones: regulation and action
hormones are secreted from endocrine glands
- hypothalamus and pituitary glands
- thyroid and parathyroid glands
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- testes and ovaries
hormones are secreted from the _________ glands
endocrine
hypothalamus
controls secretions from pituitary gland (releasing hormones)
anterior pituitary gland - hormones associated with it
- ACTH
- FSH
- LH
- MSH
- TSH
- GH
- Prolactin
Posterior gland - hormones associated with it
oxytocin
ADH
pituitary gland gets classified as part of the _______ gland (hormonal)
endocrine
pituitary gland is also known as the _______ gland
master
most important gland is the one that ___________
is acting up
______ causes release of T3 and T4
TSH
where brain communication occurs most - ________
pituitary gland
hypothalamus - function
- stimulates release of hormones from anterior pituitary gland (releasing hormones or factors)
- provides hormones for release from posterior pituitary gland
- also makes hormones for posterior pituitary gland
anterior pituitary gland - ACTH
stimulates cortisol release from adrenal glands
anterior pituitary gland - FSH
during menstration
anterior pituitary gland - LH
stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen
anterior pituitary gland - TSH
controls thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland
primary effects of testosterone and estrogen -
gonads
GH - function
- stimulates release of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
- essential growth of all tissues - amino acid uptake and protein synthesis, long bone growth
- spares plasma glucose - reduces the use of plasma glucose, increases gluconeogenesis, mobilizes FFA from adipose tissue
GH : IGF-1 in muscle responsible for ________
muscle growth
GH: spares plasma glucose
- reduces the use of plasma glucose
- increases gluconeogenesis
- mobilizes FFA from adipose tissue
important reason to give a human GH
not producing a lot of it (Little People)
acromaglia
result of too much GH (often die of heart attacks)
GH and performance: GH _____ protein synthesis in muscle and long bone growth
- Increases
- used to treat childhood dwarfism
- also used by athletes and elderly
_____: more adverse effects than benefits
GH
_____: difficult to detect usage by athletes
GH
posterior pituitary gland: oxytocin
- contractions and mammary glands
- also long term pain
posterior pituitary gland: ADH
- reduces water loss from body to maintain plasma volume
- favors reabsorption of water from kidney tubules to capillaries
- release stimulated by high plasma osmolality and low plasma volume: due to sweat loss without water replacement
ADH: _____ during exercise > 60% VO2 max
increases
- to maintain plasma volume
when you sweat - plasma volume _____
decreases
sweat is ______ relative to blood
hypotonic
- not as salty as blood
Thyroid gland: stimulated by _______
TSH ( coming from pituitary)
T3 and T4 - Thyroid Gland
establishment of metabolic rate!!!!!!!!
- permissive hormones
- permit full effect of other hormones
Thyroid Gland - Calcitonin
regulation of plasma Ca2+
- blocks release from bone, stimulates excretion by kidneys
Thyroid Gland - Parathyroid hormone
- primary hormone in plasma Ca^2+ regulation
- stimulates release from bone, stimulates reabsorption by kidneys
hypothyroid
decreased metabolic rate
hyperthyroid
increased metabolic rate
high levels of calcium (thyroid)=
high levels (increases) calcitonin
low levels of calcium (thyroid) =
PTH will stimulate release of Ca+ and increase absorption
feedback system for Ca+ (thyroid) =
calcitonin and PTH
adrenal medulla
- secretes the catecholamines
- E and NE
- fast-acting hormones
- part of fight or flight response
- bind to adrenergic receptors
- alpha
- beta
- effects depend on hormone used and receptor type
epinephrine =
adrenaline
enzymes are protein and operate via ____
second messenger
adrenal cortex
- secretes steroid hormones (derived from cholesterol)
- mineral corticoids
- aldosterone
- maintenance of plasma Na+ and K+
- glucocorticoids
- cortisol
- regulation of plasma glucose
- sex steroids
- androgens and estrogens
- support prepubescent growth
cortex secretes ______ whereas medulla secretes ______
steroids
hormones
Na+ and K+ is important so you can generate ______
action potentials
you often see levels of E and NE secreted when _______ is secreted
cortisol
aldosterone
- control of Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion (Na+/H2O balance)
- regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
- part of renin-angiotension-aldosterone system
- all 3 hormones increase during exercise
aldosterone: stimulated by ……..
- increase K+ concentration
- decrease plasma volume
anything that deals with H2O balance also affects ______
blood pressure
ace inhibitors
prevents the conversion of angiotension I –> angiotension II
- most common BP controller medication
cortisol
- maintenance of plasma glucose
- promotes protein breakdown for gluconeogenesis
- stimulates FFA mobilization
- blocks uptake of glucose into cells *****
- promotes the use of FFA as fuel
cortisol - stimulated by ………..
- stress via ACTH
- part of general adaptation syndrome
- exercise
cortisol is extremely ________
powerful
- dont want to secrete it if you dont have to
adipose tissue is an endocrine gland
- in addition to storing triglycerides, adipose tissue also secretes hormones
- leptin
- influences appetite through the hypothalamus
- enhances insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation
adipose tissue is an endocrine organ - adiponectin
- increase insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation
with increased fat mass (obesity) - cortisol
- higher leptin levels
- leads to type 2 diabetes and low-grade inflammation
adipose tissue secretes ______
hormones
Pancreas - secretes ……..
- insulin (from beta cells)
- promotes storage of glucose, amino acids, and fats
- lack of insulin is called diabetes mellitus
- glucagon (from alpha cells)
- promotes mobilization of fatty acids and glucose
- somatostatin
- controls rate of entry of nutrients into the circulation
- digestive enzymes and bicarbonate (exocrine)
- into the small intestine
testes and ovaries: testosterone
- released from testes
- anabolic steroid
- promotes tissue (muscle) building
- performance enhancement
- androgenic steroid
- promotes masculine characteristics
testes and ovaries: estrogen and progesterone
- released from ovaries
- establish and maintain reproductive function
- levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle
anabolic steroids and performance
- initial studies showed no benefit for developing muscle mass
- also associated with negative side effects
- widespread use has led to testing of competitive athletes
- most users are not competitive athletes
muscle as an endocrine gland: skeletal muscle produces ______ when it contracts
myokines
muscle as an endocrine gland: stimulate _________ and fatty acid oxidation
glucose uptake
muscle as an endocrine gland: promote ________ growth in muscle
blood vessel
muscle as an endocrine gland: promote __________ and triglyceride breakdown
liver glucose production
muscle as an endocrine gland: interleukin 6
both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory
- IL-6 produced during exercise promotes anti-inflammatory effect
- regular exercise promotes anti-inflammatory environment
regular exercise promotes ___________ environment
anti-inflammatory
muscle glycogen utilization: glycogenolysis is related to ________
exercise intensity
muscle glycogen utilization: plasma epinephrine is a powerful stimulator of ___________
glycogenolysis
muscle glycogen utilization: high-intensity exercise results in greater _____ in plasma epinephrine
increase
the harder you are working, the faster you break down _______ (relative to your max/intensity)
glycogen
direct relationship between ________ depletion during exercise
glycogen
control of muscle glycogen utilization: breakdown of muscle glycogen under dual control
- Epinephrine - cyclic AMP
- via beta adrenergic receptors
- Calcium - calmodulin
- enhanced during exercise due to Calcium release from SR
you want to have as much _____ in your body as you can to perform exercises
glycogen
feedback on the utilization of glycogen
calmodulin and epinephrine
blood glucose homeostasis during exercise: plasma glucose maintained through 4 processes
- mobilization of glucose from liver glycogen stores
- mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue (spares blood glucose)
- gluconeogenesis from amino acids, lactic acid, and glycerol
- blocking the entry of glucose into cells (slows entry - forces use of FFA as fuel)
blood glucose homeostasis during exercise: controlled by hormones
- permissive or slow-acting
- Thyroxine, cortisol, and growth hormone
- fast-acting
- E, NE, and insulin, glucagon
hypoglycemia
will pass out
plasma glucose levels
hyperglycemia
where diabetes comes about
dont occur into late adulthood
plasma glucose levels
breaking down ___________ helps glucose metabolism because it spares glucose
triglycerides
thyroid hormones
act in a permissive manner to allow other hormones to exert their full effect
- T3 enhances effect of E to mobilize FFA from adipose tissue
- no real change in T3 and T4 during exercise
cortisol - _____ acting hormone
slow
cortisol - effects
- stimulate FFA mobilization from adipose tissue
- enhance gluconeogenesis in liver
- decrease the rate of glucose utilization by cells
cortisol - effect of exercise
- decrease during low-intensity exercise
- increase during high-intensity exercise (above ~60% VO2 max)
changes in cortisol may be related to repair of ________ - _______
exercise-induced
cortisol - ______ during low-intensity exercise
decreases
cortisol - ____ during high-intensity exercise
increases
Growth Hormone - ______ acting hormone
slow
Growth Hormone - effects
- supports the action of cortisol
decrease glucose uptake by tissues
increase FFA mobilization
enhances gluconeogenesis in liver
Growth Hormone - exercise effect
- increase in plasma GH with increased intensity
- greater response in trained runners
Growth Hormone - enhances ______
cortisol
the more fit you are and at a higher intensity, you will secrete more _________
Growth Hormone
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine - ______ acting hormones
fast
E and NE
maintain blood glucose during exercise
- muscle glycogen mobilization
- increase liver glucose mobilization
- increase FFA mobilization
- interfere with glucose uptake
E and NE can be controlled by ________
perceptions
plasma E and NE ____ during exercise
increase
- also related to increase HR and BP during exercise
____ plasma E and NE following training
decreased
E and NE spare _______ in the blood
glucose
Insulin and Glucagon - _______ acting hormones
fast
insulin and glucagon - insulin
uptake and storage of glucose and FFA fuels
plasma concentration decreases during exercise
decrease insulin response following training
insulin and glucagon - glucagon
mobilization of glucose and FFA fuels
plasma concentration increases during exercise
decrease response following training
“anti-insulin”
insulin and glucagon secretion influenced by catecholamines
low plasma glucose = secrete _______ (insulin and glucagon)
glucagon
insulin and glucagon: plasma glucose increases
stimulates insulin and increases
exercise has ________ effect (insulin and glucagon)
permissive
Hormone - substrate interaction: FFA mobilization dependent on _________
hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
Hormone - substrate interaction: FFA mobilization ____ during heavy exercise
decreases
- this occurs in spite of persisting hormonal stimulation for FFA mobilization
hormone - substrate interaction: may be due to……….
- high levels of lactic acid (promotes resynthesis of triglycerides)
- elevated H+ concentration inhibits HSL
- inadequate blood flow to adipose tissue
- insufficient albumin to transport FFA in plasma
dont regulate fat as well as you do _____ burning
glucose
during heavy exercise, you primarily utilize _______
glucose
albumin
plasma protein, transports fats
- if you dont have enough albumin, can’t hold enough fat = dont burn as much fat since it cant get into the cell
