Chapter 5- electrons and bonding

Question 1

what are ionisation energies how do ionisation energies link to electron configuration

Answer 1

ionisation energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom, with each successive electron it becomes more difficult as the atom is more positive so there is a greater attraction. when there is a large jump in ionisation energy is shows the presence of a new shell as it is closer to the nucleus so more energy is required to remove the electron

Question 2

number of electrons that can be held in an orbital

Answer 2

2

Question 3

number of s orbitals and number of electrons in an s sub shell

Answer 3

1 orbital

2 electrons

Question 4

number of p orbitals and number of electrons in a p sub shell

Answer 4

3 orbitals

6 electrons

Question 5

number d orbitals and number of electrons in a d sub shell

Answer 5

5 orbitals

10 electrons

Question 6

order of filling of shells

Answer 6

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s,

Question 7

order of losing electrons

Answer 7

outermost electrons are lost first

Question 8

shape of s and p orbitals

Answer 8

s orbital = sphere

p orbital = dumbbell

Question 9

definition of ionic bonding

Answer 9

“the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions”

Question 10

what do ionic compounds usually have (electron structure)

Answer 10

an electron structure isoelectronic to a noble gas as this is the most stable

Question 11

typical properties of an ionic substance

Answer 11

brittle,
high melting and boiling points,
see solubility rules,
giant ionic lattice

Question 12

Explanation of brittle and high mpt and bpt

Answer 12

ionic substances are usually brittle because if enough force is applied the layers in the giant ionic lattice will slide such that two ions with the same charge touch, they will repel and the substance will break

ionic substances tend to have very high melting and boiling points because a large amount of energy is required to overcome the strong electrostatic forces

Question 13

effect of greater charges and smaller ions on bpt

Answer 13

greater charges increase bpt as there is a higher electrostatic attraction between ions

smaller ions increase bpt as there ions are closer together giving a greater charge density.

Question 14

things that affect solubility

Answer 14

the attraction between water molecules and the ions of the lattice

the relative strength of the electrostatic attractions

Question 15

electrical conductivity in ionic substances

Answer 15

ionic substances are soluble when in solution or molten as they are not fixed in position as in a solid and thus they are able to move and create a charge.

Question 16

definition of a covalent bond

Answer 16

the strong electrostatic attraction formed between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of bonded non-metals to form structures isoelectronic to noble gases

Question 17

what is a daitive (co-ordinate) bond

Answer 17

a co-ordinate bond is one where both electrons in a pair in a covalent bond are provided by the same atom

Question 18

what does isoelectronic mean

Answer 18

the same number of electrons

Question 19

what do you need to remember when doing dot and cross diagrams for polyatomic ions

Answer 19

add in or remove more electrons than usual to make it equal to the charge

Question 20

what is a hydrogen bond

Answer 20

A hydrogen bond is an attraction between a
lone pair of electrons on an electronegative
atom in one molecule and a hydrogen atom in
another molecule attached to an electronegative
atom

Question 21

what is a sulfite ion

Answer 21

SO3(2-)