Chapter 5: Drives

Question 1

Regulatory drive

Answer 1

Drives that help regulate homeostasis.

E.g: hunger, thirst

Question 2

Nonregulatory drive

Answer 2

Drives that are not necessary for survival but serve other purposes.
E.g: sexual drive

Question 3

Safety drive

Answer 3

The drive that keeps us away from danger. One of such drives is fear.
E.g. running from predator, avoiding danger
It is argued that sleep is also a safety drive as it keeps us quietly tucked in for some time.

Question 4

Reproductive drive

Answer 4

Drive that motivates us to reproduce (sexual drive) and the drive to care for our newborn. This drive can be very powerful as some will risk their life to reproduce or keep newborns safe.

Question 5

Social drive

Answer 5

Includes friendship drives and the drive for acceptance in society which is important because many mammals and especially humans require cooperation to survive. Can be ver poweful as people risk their lives for friends and social approval.

Question 6

Educative drive

Answer 6

Primarily consists of the drives to play and explore in order to learn life-sustaining skills.

Question 7

Nucleus accumbens

Answer 7

Cell bodies in nuclei in the midbrain and synaptic terminals in a large nucleus in the basal ganglia.
It is crucial for the behavioural effects of rewards as it has connections to large areas of the limbic system and cerebral cortex.

Question 8

Medial forebrain bundle

Answer 8

A neural pathway containing fibres from the basal olfactory region, periamygdaloid region and the septal nuclei, as well as fibres from brainstem regions, including the ventral tegmental area.
Rats and other animals will work the hardest and longest to stimulate it.

Question 9

Olfactory region

Answer 9

Vital for the processing and perception of odor. Located in the temporal lobe.

Question 10

Periamygdaloid region

Answer 10

Plays a role in olfaction, and may be involved in many more processes including opiate addiction, assessment of negative emotions, and depression.

Question 11

Dopamine

Answer 11

Neurotransmitter released by many neurons of the medial forebrain bundle that terminate in the nucleus accumbens.
It is essential for the “wanting” component of rewards.
The larger the expected reward, the more dopamine is released.

Question 12

Dopamine experiment 1

Answer 12

In an experiment with animals which are trained to press a lever for food (reward) showed that the release of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens occurs only just before the pressing the lever.
Indicates that dopamine motivates the animal to obtain the food but isn’t essential for pleasure (liking).

Question 13

Dopamine experiment 2

Answer 13

Rats treated with drugs that inhibit the effects of dopamine still consume foods, reproduce and explore novel stimuli, but only those that are immediately presented in front of them. They exhibit facial expressions for liking. This behaviour indicates that they continue to enjoy the rewards but are not concerned with rewards that are absent.

Question 14

Endorphin

Answer 14

(Short for endogenous morphine-like substance)
Chemicals created in the body and have similar effects to morphine and other opiate drugs such as opium and heroin (known for inhibiting pain). They are also associated with pleasurable experiences, both natural (e.g. sex) and artificial (e.g. high).
When secreted into the nucleus accumbens, they increase the facial “liking” expression to sucrose and increase the amount of present food eaten.

Question 15

Liking

Answer 15

Refers to the subjective feeling of pleasure, or satisfaction when receiving a reward.

Question 16

Wanting

Answer 16

Refers to the desire to obtain a reward.

Question 17

Reinforcement

Answer 17

Refers to the effects that rewards have in promoting learning.

Question 18

Central drive system

Answer 18

The activity of a set of neurons that constitutes a certain drive.

Question 19

Arcuate nucleus

Answer 19

Has the highest concentration of neurons that constitute appetite and weight regulation.
It is located in the centre of the lowest portion of the hypothalamus.
Contains two types of neurons:
1. Appetite-stimulating neurons
2. Appetite-suppressing neurons

Question 20

Appetite-stimulation and -suppressing neurons

Answer 20

The arcuate neurons exert their effects on the brain areas through the release of slow-acting neurotransmitters, which have the capacity to alter neural activity for long periods of time.

Question 21

Sensory-specific satiety

Answer 21

When people or animals eat one type of food until satiated experience renewed appetite for different kinds of food.

Question 22

Emotion

Answer 22

A subjective feeling that is mentally directed toward some object.

Question 23

Affect

Answer 23

This is referred to by psychologists as the feeling associated with emotion, independent of the object.

Question 24

Mood

Answer 24

If an emotional feeling is experienced as free-floating (not directed at an object) and if it lasts for a sufficiently long period, it is referred to as mood.

Question 25

Discrete emotion theory

Answer 25

The belief that basic emotions are innate and associated with distinctive bodily and facial reactions.
- This is an extension of Darwin’s functionalist view

Question 26

Psychic blindness

Answer 26

A condition where the person still sees objects but they don’t seem indifferent to the psychological significance of objects.
The brain fails to process the visual information so that foods and nonfoods might not be distinguished.

Question 27

Frontal lobe and emotion

Answer 27

Essential for the full conscious experience of emotions and the ability to act in deliberate, planned ways based on those feelings.