Chapter 5 conditions Flashcards
anal fistula
abnormal tubelike passageway near the anus
colonic polyps
polyps (benign growths) protruding from the mucous membrane of the colon. two types: Pedunculated - attached by a stalk and Sessile - sitting directly on the mucus membrane
colorectal cancer
Adenocarcinoma of the colon, rectum, or both
Crohn disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract. can occur anywhere from mouth to anus, but most commonly in the ileum and colon. a form of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, along with Ulcerative Colitis.
diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings - diverticula- in the intestinal wall of the colon. Diverticulitis is a complication of this, wherein fecal matter becomes trapped in diverticula.
dysentery
painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by a bacterial infection. symptoms are bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever.
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region. can be internal or external. caused by pregnancy or constipation.
ileus
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines. can be caused by surgery, trauma, or bacterial injury
intussusception
telescoping of the intestines. often occurs in children and in the ileocecal region
IBS
group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, without structural abnormalities in the intestines.
Ulcerative Colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers. idiopathic, chronic, recurrent disease. presents with rectal bleeding and pain. beginning in the colon, spreads proximally to involve the entire colon. resection or total colectomy may be needed.
volvulus
twisting of the colon in on itself.
cholelithiasis
gallstones in the gallbladder. Calculi prevent bile from leaving the gallbladder and bile ducts. symptoms, if present, are Biliary Colic (pain from blocked ducts) or Cholecystitis (inflammation and infection of the gallbladder.) currently can be treated laparoscopically.
cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver. commonly the result of alcoholism, viral hepatitis, iron overload, among other causes. lobes of the liver become scarred with fibrous tissue, hepatic cells degenerate, and the liver is infiltrated with fat.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Liver cancer (Primary). commonly associated with Hepatitis B and C infections and alcoholic cirrhosis. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is a fatty infiltration of the liver, which may progress to cirrhosis and HCC. HCC produce Alpha-fetoprotein, a tumor marker that is elevated in patients in the blood for patients with this cancer.
pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of the pancreas. often occurs in the “head” closer to the duodenum, where it can block ducts. unknown cause. symptoms are back pain, fatigue, jaundice, anorexia, diahhrea, and weight loss. treatment is Pancreatoduodenectomy. chemotherapy and radiation may be used.
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas. can be csused by digestive enzymes attacking the pancreas, alcoholism, drug toxicity, gallstone obstruction of the common bile duct, and viral infections.
Viral Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus.
Hep A - spread by food or water, slow onset
Hep B - spread by sexual contact, blood transfusions, contaminated needles or maternal transmission.
Hep C - transmitted by blood transfusions and iv drug use.
symptoms include malaise, anorexia, hepatomegaly, jaundice, and abdominal pain.
Anorexia
loss of appetite.
anorexia nervosa is associated with emotional problems.
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.
borborygmi
excessive gi noise. indicates diarrhea or gastroenteritis
constipation
difficulty passing stool
diarrhea
frequent passage of watery stool
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing.
