Chapter 5 conditions

Question 1

anal fistula

Answer 1

abnormal tubelike passageway near the anus

Question 2

colonic polyps

Answer 2

polyps (benign growths) protruding from the mucous membrane of the colon. two types: Pedunculated - attached by a stalk and Sessile - sitting directly on the mucus membrane

Question 3

colorectal cancer

Answer 3

Adenocarcinoma of the colon, rectum, or both

Question 4

Crohn disease

Answer 4

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract. can occur anywhere from mouth to anus, but most commonly in the ileum and colon. a form of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, along with Ulcerative Colitis.

Question 5

diverticulosis

Answer 5

abnormal outpouchings - diverticula- in the intestinal wall of the colon. Diverticulitis is a complication of this, wherein fecal matter becomes trapped in diverticula.

Question 6

dysentery

Answer 6

painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by a bacterial infection. symptoms are bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever.

Question 7

hemorrhoids

Answer 7

swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region. can be internal or external. caused by pregnancy or constipation.

Question 8

ileus

Answer 8

loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines. can be caused by surgery, trauma, or bacterial injury

Question 9

intussusception

Answer 9

telescoping of the intestines. often occurs in children and in the ileocecal region

Question 10

IBS

Answer 10

group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, without structural abnormalities in the intestines.

Question 11

Ulcerative Colitis

Answer 11

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers. idiopathic, chronic, recurrent disease. presents with rectal bleeding and pain. beginning in the colon, spreads proximally to involve the entire colon. resection or total colectomy may be needed.

Question 12

volvulus

Answer 12

twisting of the colon in on itself.

Question 13

cholelithiasis

Answer 13

gallstones in the gallbladder. Calculi prevent bile from leaving the gallbladder and bile ducts. symptoms, if present, are Biliary Colic (pain from blocked ducts) or Cholecystitis (inflammation and infection of the gallbladder.) currently can be treated laparoscopically.

Question 14

cirrhosis

Answer 14

chronic degenerative disease of the liver. commonly the result of alcoholism, viral hepatitis, iron overload, among other causes. lobes of the liver become scarred with fibrous tissue, hepatic cells degenerate, and the liver is infiltrated with fat.

Question 15

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Answer 15

Liver cancer (Primary). commonly associated with Hepatitis B and C infections and alcoholic cirrhosis. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is a fatty infiltration of the liver, which may progress to cirrhosis and HCC. HCC produce Alpha-fetoprotein, a tumor marker that is elevated in patients in the blood for patients with this cancer.

Question 16

pancreatic cancer

Answer 16

malignant tumor of the pancreas. often occurs in the “head” closer to the duodenum, where it can block ducts. unknown cause. symptoms are back pain, fatigue, jaundice, anorexia, diahhrea, and weight loss. treatment is Pancreatoduodenectomy. chemotherapy and radiation may be used.

Question 17

pancreatitis

Answer 17

inflammation of the pancreas. can be csused by digestive enzymes attacking the pancreas, alcoholism, drug toxicity, gallstone obstruction of the common bile duct, and viral infections.

Question 18

Viral Hepatitis

Answer 18

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus.
Hep A - spread by food or water, slow onset
Hep B - spread by sexual contact, blood transfusions, contaminated needles or maternal transmission.
Hep C - transmitted by blood transfusions and iv drug use.

symptoms include malaise, anorexia, hepatomegaly, jaundice, and abdominal pain.

Question 19

Anorexia

Answer 19

loss of appetite.

anorexia nervosa is associated with emotional problems.

Question 20

ascites

Answer 20

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.

Question 21

borborygmi

Answer 21

excessive gi noise. indicates diarrhea or gastroenteritis

Question 22

constipation

Answer 22

difficulty passing stool

Question 23

diarrhea

Answer 23

frequent passage of watery stool

Question 24

dysphagia

Answer 24

difficulty in swallowing.

Question 25

eructation

Answer 25

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth.

Question 26

flatus

Answer 26

gas expelled through the anus

Question 27

hematochezia

Answer 27

passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum.

Question 28

jaundice (icterus)

Answer 28

yellow- orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood.
caused by : excessive hemolysis, liver disease, obstruction of bile flow.

Question 29

melena

Answer 29

black, tarry stools, feces containing digested blood. result of bleeding in the upper GI (duodenal ulcer). positive result of stool guaiac testing indicates presence of blood

Question 30

nausea

Answer 30

unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit.

Question 31

Steatorrhea

Answer 31

fat in the feces.
the production of frothy, foul smelling feces that floats. can indicate malabsorption of fat or pancreatic enzyme disease.

Question 32

achalasia

Answer 32

failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. resolved with mechanical stretching

Question 33

esophageal cancer

Answer 33

malignant tumor of the esophagus.

Question 34

esophageal varices

Answer 34

swollen varicose veins at the end of the esophagus. liver disease causes increased venous pressure around the liver (Portal Hypertension).

Question 35

gastric cancer

Answer 35

malignant tumor of the stomach.