Chapter 5 Cognitive Devel infancy thru toddler

Question 1

transfer deficit effect

Answer 1

infants are less able to transfer info from tech than with interactions with adults

Question 2

Piaget

Answer 2

Father of cognitive-developmental theory

Question 3

6 Stages of sensorimotor reasoning

Answer 3

reflexive activity; primary circular reactions; secondary circular reactions; coordination of secondary schema; tertiary circular reactions; mental representation

Question 4

Age and features of reflexive activity substage

Answer 4

(0-1 mo) strengthens and adapts reflexes

Question 5

Age and features of primary circular reactions

Answer 5

(1-4 mos) Repeats motor actions that produce interesting outcomes that are centered towards the body

Question 6

Age and features of secondary circular reactions

Answer 6

(4-8 mos) Repeats motor actions that produce interesting outcomes that are directed toward the environment

Question 7

Age and features of coordination of secondary schemas

Answer 7

(8-12 mos) Combines secondary circular reactions to achieve goals and solve problems; the beginnings of intentional behavior

Question 8

Age and features of tertiary circular reactions

Answer 8

(12-18 mos) Experiments with different actions to achieve the same goal or observe the outcome and make new discoveries

Question 9

Age and features of mental representation

Answer 9

(18-24 mos) Internal mental representation of objects and events; thinking to solve problems rather than relying on trial and error

Question 10

Assimilation

Answer 10

Integrating a new experience into a preexisting schema

Question 11

Accommodation

Answer 11

change, adapt, modify a schema when we encounter experiences or information that do not fit within an existing schema

Question 12

Cognitive equilibrium

Answer 12

balance between the processes of assimilation and accommodation

Question 13

Mental representation

Answer 13

thinking about an object using mental pictures; ability to remember and think about objects and events when they are not present

Question 14

Violation-of-expectation method

Answer 14

a method in which a stimulus appears to violate physical laws is “compared” with a correct event

Question 15

A-not-B error

Answer 15

error made by 8-12 mo infants watch for object (that “lacks permanence”); some say is neural and motor immaturity and other proposals other than the infant not having object permanence.

Question 16

Examples of younger infants having object permanence

Answer 16

5-8 months, infants better perform A-not-B via looking while 9-10 months did well on both looking and reaching tasks

Question 17

Deferred imitation

Answer 17

the ability to repeat an act performed some time ago, which suggests object permanence, even in the form of memories

Question 18

Core knowledge theory

Answer 18

proposal that infants are born with several innate knowledge systems, or core domains of thought, that promote early rapid learning and adaptation