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Bio 206 (Quiz 1) > Chapter 5: Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Peroxiosomes

A
  • organelle that breaks down toxic peroxides - have single membrane
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2
Q

Ribosomes

A

organelle that manufactures proteins.

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3
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

organelle that metabolizes carbohydrates and other molecules

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4
Q

Chloroplasts

A

organelle that harvests the energy of sunlight to produce sugar

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5
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

organelle that processes and packages proteins

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6
Q

Plastids

A
  • One class of organelles that is present only in the cells of plants and certain protists. - There are several types with different functions
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7
Q

Plants

A
  • are multicellular photoautotrophs with a lifecycle characterized by alternation of generations* and sporic meiosis* - have immotile egg cells (retained on mother plant) - produce embryos that are retained on and nourished by the mother plant - have distinctive light-absorbing pigments: chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids - store surplus carbohydrate inside chloroplasts in the form of starch
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8
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • contain the green pigment chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis
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9
Q

Thylakoids

A
  • small compartments inside chloroplasts that look like they stack on each other - photosynthesis happens in the thylakoids - light energy is converted into ATP and NADPH
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10
Q

Chromoplasts

A
  • make and store red, yellow, and orange pigments, especially in flowers and fruits
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11
Q

Stroma

A
  • the area inside chloroplasts that is not occupied by thylakoids - ATP is used in coverting CO2 to glucose in the stroma
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12
Q

Leucoplasts

A
  • storage organelles that do not contain pigments
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13
Q

Amyloplast

A
  • a leucoplast that stores starch
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14
Q

Glyoxysomes

A
  • similar to peroxisomes and are only found in plants - most abundant in young plants - are the organelle where stored lipids are converted into carbohydrates for transport to growing cells
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15
Q

What are the four functions of vacuoles?

A

1) storage 2) structure 3) reproduction 4) digestion

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16
Q

How does a vacuole serve its function as storage?

A
  • Toxic by-products and waste products are stored inside vacuoles - also store acids, sugars, proteins, and defensive compounds - These stored materials deter some animals from eating the plants
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17
Q

Tonoplast

A

a unit membrane that forms the inside boundary of vacuole

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18
Q

What are the two largest classes in the phylum Anthophyta (Angiosperms)?

A

Eudicots and Monocots

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19
Q

How does a vacuole serve its function in providing structure?

A
  • In many plant cells, vacuoles take up more than 90% of the volume and grow as the cell grows - The presence of dissolved substances in the vacuole causes water to enter it from the cytoplasm, making the vacuole swell like a balloon.
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20
Q

Does a mature plant swell when the vacuole fills with water?

A

NO. - a mature plant cell does not swell when the vacuole fills, as it has a rigid cell wall. - Instead, the plant cell stiffens from the increase in water pressure (called turgor) and supports the plant

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21
Q

How does a vacuole serve its function in reproduction?

A
  • Vacuoles contain some of the pigments (especially blue and pink ones) in the petals and fruits of flowering plants - These pigments attract animals that assist in pollination or seed dispersal
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22
Q

Digestion

A
  • In some plants, the vacuoles in seeds contain enzymes that hydrolyze stored proteins into monomers - During seed germination, the monomers are used as food by the seedlings
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23
Q

Cotyledon:

A

food-storing organ that is part of the embryo; found in all seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) but much reduced in size and number in monocots.

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24
Q

seeds and seed coats

A

A seed contains an embryonic plant and is surrounded by a tough protective layer (seed coat)

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25
Q

Is a cell wall an extracellular structure?

A

Yes

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26
Q

Where do plant cell walls come from?

A
  • the middle lamella forms first during cytokinesis - the cell plate develops Into the middle lamella and the primary cell wall
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27
Q

What is the function of the cell plate

A
  • the cell plate develops Into the middle lamella and the primary cell wall
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28
Q

What are the three major roles of the plant cell wall?

A

1) Provides support for the plant cell by remaining rigid 2) Acts as a barrier to infection by fungi and other organisms that can cause plant diseases 3) It contributes to to plant form by growing as the plant cells expand

29
Q

Are cell walls porous?

A

Sometimes they are - for example, in a leaf, the cell wall is porous to allow transfer from cell to cell Sometimes they are not - for example. cells in the vascular system of plants are not porous

30
Q

When is the secondary cell wall deposited in the development process?

A

The secondary cell wall is deposited last and the cell cannot expand once this wall layer is laid down

31
Q

What are the major cell wall polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose Hemicellulose Pectins (highly hydrated gel-like polysaccharides)

32
Q

expansins

A

In young cells, enzymes called expansins break noncovalent bonds between cellulose and other wall polymers, and turgor pressure then forces the cell wall to elongate, allowing cell growth.

33
Q

Primary Cell Wall

A
  • only wall type in growing cells - usually less specialized - no lignin - more hydrated (75-80% water)
34
Q

What is the composition of the primary cell wall?

A
  • 25% cellulose - 25% hemicellulose - 35% pectin - 1-8% proteins
35
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A
  • deposited after growth has ceased - usually highly specialized - commonly lignified; may have suberin or cutin deposits - less hydrated
36
Q

What is the composition of a secondary cell wall compared to a primary?

A

A secondary cell wall has: - more cellulose - less hemicellulose - almost no pectin - less proteins

37
Q

Phenolic monomer

A

they are exocytosed from cytoplasm and later polymerized to make up cell walls

38
Q

What enzyme is responsible for polymerization of phenolic monomers? Where does it occur?

A

polymerization of phenolic monomers is done by phenol oxidases in the cell wall

39
Q

How do phenolic compounds relate to lignin?

A

Partial structure of a lignin is made up of cross-linked polymers of phenolic compounds

40
Q

What are pits?

A
  • Pits are areas of the cell wall where the secondary cell wall has not been deposited - Pits are created in a synchronized manner so the pits of adjacent cells are perfectly aligned next to each other as pit pairs
41
Q

What are pit pairs used for?

A

Pit pairs facilitate rapid diffusion of fluids and dissolved substances from one cell to another (less cell wall material to traverse)

42
Q

Types of pits

A

Some pits are simple wells in the secondary cell walls; others, such as bordered pits have a more elaborate structure, allowing the pit to function like a regulated valve

43
Q

Functions of animal extracellular matrix

A

-cell adhesion (“glue”) -recognition and signaling -selective barrier (e.g. filtering materials) -mechanical reinforcement in specific tissue types (e.g. bone

44
Q

basal lamina: an example of extracellular matrix

A

Cells in the kidney secrete a basal lamina, which is an extracellular matrix that separates the kidney cells from a nearby blood vessel. The basal lamina filters materials that pass between the kidney and the blood.

45
Q

Many plant cells are linked via cytoplasmic connections called _________

A

plasmodesmata

46
Q

Plasmodesmata

A
  • Plasmodesmata are gaps in the cell wall through which plasma membranes, cytoplasm, and smooth ER of two cells connect - Plasmodesmata are regulated cytoplasmic channels - Total diameter: usually 20-60 nm
47
Q

cytoplasmic sleeve, what are is it and what is it’s dimension?

A
  • The dimensions of the cytoplasmic sleeve (usually 1.5 nm wide) that surrounds the desmotubule can be altered (by regulatory proteins made by the plant or by viral movement proteins)
48
Q

desmotubule

A
  • The desmotubule is a tube of appressed endoplasmic reticulum that runs between two adjacent cells. - Some molecules are known to be transported through this channel, but it is not thought to be the main route for plasmodesmatal transport.
49
Q

What is the equivalent of plasmodesmata in animals?

A

the gap junction -An animal cell may contain hundreds of gap junctions connecting it to neighboring cells.

50
Q

What fills up most of the space in plasmodesmata?

A

The desmotubule fills up most of the space inside a plasmodesma, leaving a tiny gap (cytoplasmic sleeve) through which small metabolites and ions can pass.

51
Q

parenchyma cells in leaves

A

In leaves, parenchyma cells function in photosynthesis and gas exchange.

52
Q

parenchyma cells in roots

A

In roots, parenchyma cells function in carbohydrate storage.

53
Q

Parenchyma properties

A
  • living at functional maturity - abundant intercellular air spaces (efficient gas exchange) - uniformly thin walls (efficient transport across wall) - several vacuoles or one large central vacuole
54
Q

What is the most abundant cell type in plant bodies?

A

parenchyma

55
Q

Parenchyma functions

A
  • storage (starch, sucrose, fats, pigments, secondary metabolites, etc.) - wound healing, tissue repair - asexual reproduction and formation of adventitious roots or shoots (totipotency is critical) - specialized metabolic activity (photosynthesis, synthesis of secondary metabolites, etc.)
56
Q

What are the three main cell types in plants?

A

Collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and parenchyma

57
Q

Collenchyma properties

A
  • living cells with differentially thickened secondary cell walls - support growing tissues
58
Q

Sclerenchyma properties

A
  • usually dead at maturity - cell walls often lignified - support mature tissues - may provide defense against herbivory, desiccation.
59
Q

Whats special about collenchyma’s cell walls?

A

Collenchyma cells have unevenly thickened cell walls (thick at cell corners, thin elsewhere) which allows this tissue to be living and metabolically active, while still conferring mechanical strength combined with flexibility.

60
Q

Collenchyma function

A
  • stiffening actively growing tissues such as stems, leaf stalks (petioles), and leaves; are alive, so can elongate to keep pace with the growing organs.
61
Q

Schlerenchyma examples

A

s

62
Q

node/internode (picture)

A
63
Q

parenchyma roots (picture)

A
64
Q

Parenchyma leaves (picture)

A
65
Q

What is the structure in the image?

A

collenchyma

66
Q

terminal/axiallary bud (image)

A
67
Q

monocot/dicot leaf venation

A
68
Q

monocot/dicot stem vascularity

A
69
Q

monocot/dicot roots

A

Bio 206 (Quiz 1) (2 decks)

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