chapter 5- cell recognition+immunity

Question 1

non specific response

Answer 1

-physical barrier
-phagocytosis

Question 2

specific response

Answer 2

-cell mediated response
-humoral response

Question 3

two types of white blood cell

Answer 3

-phagocytes
-lymphocytes

Question 4

phagocytosis

Answer 4

-phagocyte moves towards pathogen
-receptors attach to surface of pathogen
-lysosomes within the phagocyte migrate towards the phagosome formed by being engulfed
-lysosomes release lysozymes into phagosome
-hydrolytic enzymes digest bacterium
-products are absorbed

Question 5

antigen

Answer 5

any part of an organism that is recognized as non-self and stimulates an immune response

Question 6

t lymphocyte response

Answer 6

-receptors on helper T cell complimentary to antigens on phagocyte
-T cell divides rapidly by mitosis
-cloned T cells develop into memory cells, stimulate B cells to divide and secrete antibody, and activate killer T cells

Question 7

how killer T cells kill infected cells

Answer 7

-produce protein which makes a hole in the cell-surface membrane of pathogen
-makes pathogen freely permeable and as a result dies
-most effective against viruses as they replicate within cells

Question 8

humoral response

Answer 8

-helper T cell activates pathogen specific b cells
-B cell rapidly proliferates through clonal expansion
-B cells differentiate into either plasma b cells or memory b cells

Question 9

plasma B cells

Answer 9

-produces large amounts of antibodies
-primary immune response

Question 10

memory B cells

Answer 10

-secondary immune response
-rapidly differentiate into plasma B cells in order to quickly produce antibodies against pathogens

Question 11

antibodies

Answer 11

proteins with specific binding sites synthesized by B cells

Question 12

antibody structure

Answer 12

-heavy chains
-light chains
-variable region
-constant region

Question 13

how antibodies lead to destruction of the antigen

Answer 13

-cause agglutination of the bacterial cells
-serve as markers which stimulate phagocytes to engulf the bacterial cells

Question 14

monoclonal antibodies

Answer 14

artificially produced antibodies produced from a single B cell clone

Question 15

how do monoclonal antibodies work

Answer 15

-attach themselves to receptors on cancer cells
-block chemical signals that stimulate their uncontrolled growth

Question 16

how do pregnancy tests work

Answer 16

-placenta produces hormone HCG (found in mothers urine)
-if HCG is present in urine it will bind to monoclonal antibodies in the strip and create a color

Question 17

ethics of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 17

-mice used to produce anti bodies and cancer cells
-used to treat cancer and diabetes

Question 18

passive immunity

Answer 18

-blood transfusion of antibodies
-no memory cells formed
-quick

Question 19

active immunity

Answer 19

-production of antibodies by immune system
-long lasting immunity
-slower response

Question 20

vaccination

Answer 20

the introduction of the appropriate disease antigens into the body, either by injection or mouth

Question 21

how does a vaccine work

Answer 21

-stimulates an immune response
-memory cells are produced and remain in blood
-leads to a rapid production of antibodies

Question 22

features of successful vaccination program

Answer 22

-few side effects
-means of producing, storing and transporting
-means of administering

Question 23

why vaccination may not eliminate a disease

Answer 23

• may not work for people with defective immune systems
  -pathogen may mutate frequently

Question 24

structure of HIV

Answer 24

-lipid envelope
-capsid
-reverse transcriptase

Question 25

HIV replication

Answer 25

-protein on HIV binds to protein called CD4 on helper T cells
-capsid fuses with CSM
-RNA enters T-cell
-reverse transcriptase converts viruses RNA into DNA

Question 26

ELISA test

Answer 26

-apply sample to beaker
-wash
-add antibody and leave to bind
-wash
-add second antibody with enzyme
-add enzyme substrate
-amount of antigen present is relative to the intensity of the color that develops